もう (already/no longer)
Meaning
An adverb indicating that someone or something has changed from a previous state. With affirmative predicates it means 'already'; with negative predicates it means 'no longer' or 'not anymore.'
もう signals that a change of state has taken place. With affirmative sentences it means 'already': もう食べた (I already ate). With negative sentences it means 'no longer' or 'not anymore': もう食べない (I won't eat anymore). It forms a natural pair with まだ — まだ食べていない (not yet) vs. もう食べた (already). もう can also function as an intensifier meaning 'more' or 'another': もう一つ (one more). In casual speech, もう can express exasperation: もう、やめてよ (come on, stop it). Context determines which meaning applies.
Examples
- もう昼ご飯を食べましたか。 Have you already eaten lunch?
- 桜はもう散ってしまった。 The cherry blossoms have already fallen.
- もうあの店には行かない。 I'm not going to that shop anymore.
Usage Guide
Context: spoken, written, everyday
Tone: descriptive
Do Say
- もう準備はできています。
- 彼女とはもう会わないつもりだ。
- もう遅いから帰りましょう。
- もう一度説明してもらえますか。
Don't Say
- もう宿題が終わっていない。(もう with ていない is contradictory for 'already' — use もう終わった or まだ終わっていない) → もう宿題が終わった。
- まだご飯を食べました。(まだ with past affirmative doesn't work — use もう for 'already ate') → もうご飯を食べました。
Origin & History
もう is a native Japanese adverb recorded from the Heian period, evolving from a sense of 'further' or 'additionally' to its modern meanings of 'already' and 'no longer.'
Cultural Context
Generation: All ages
Social background: Universal
Related Phrases
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