もう (already/no longer)

Japanese Grammar Basic Japanese ★★★★★ 5/5 neutral もうmou
Reading もう
Romaji mou
Formation もう + Verb た (already) / もう + Verb ない (no longer) / もう + Adjective/Noun

Meaning

An adverb indicating that someone or something has changed from a previous state. With affirmative predicates it means 'already'; with negative predicates it means 'no longer' or 'not anymore.'

もう signals that a change of state has taken place. With affirmative sentences it means 'already': もう食べた (I already ate). With negative sentences it means 'no longer' or 'not anymore': もう食べない (I won't eat anymore). It forms a natural pair with まだ — まだ食べていない (not yet) vs. もう食べた (already). もう can also function as an intensifier meaning 'more' or 'another': もう一つ (one more). In casual speech, もう can express exasperation: もう、やめてよ (come on, stop it). Context determines which meaning applies.

Examples

  1. もう昼ご飯を食べましたか。 Have you already eaten lunch?
  2. 桜はもう散ってしまった。 The cherry blossoms have already fallen.
  3. もうあの店には行かない。 I'm not going to that shop anymore.

Usage Guide

Context: spoken, written, everyday

Tone: descriptive

Do Say

  • もう準備はできています。
  • 彼女とはもう会わないつもりだ。
  • もう遅いから帰りましょう。
  • もう一度説明してもらえますか。

Don't Say

  • もう宿題が終わっていない。(もう with ていない is contradictory for 'already' — use もう終わった or まだ終わっていない) → もう宿題が終わった。
  • まだご飯を食べました。(まだ with past affirmative doesn't work — use もう for 'already ate') → もうご飯を食べました。

Origin & History

もう is a native Japanese adverb recorded from the Heian period, evolving from a sense of 'further' or 'additionally' to its modern meanings of 'already' and 'no longer.'

Cultural Context

Generation: All ages

Social background: Universal

Related Phrases

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