~まで (until/up to)

Japanese Grammar Basic Japanese ★★★★★ 5/5 neutral までmade
Reading まで
Romaji made
Formation Noun (time/place) + まで / Verb (dictionary form) + まで

Meaning

A particle that indicates a spatial, temporal, or quantitative limit. It marks the end point of a duration, distance, or range.

まで marks the terminal point of an action, state, or extent. For time, it means 'until' — 五時まで働く (work until 5). For space, it means 'up to' or 'as far as' — 駅まで歩く (walk to the station). It can also express surprise at an unexpected extent — 先生まで笑った (even the teacher laughed). When combined with から, it forms a 'from...to' pattern: 九時から五時まで (from 9 to 5). Unlike までに which sets a deadline for completing something, まで indicates continuity up to that point.

Examples

  1. 五時まで図書館で勉強します。 I'll study at the library until 5 o'clock.
  2. 東京から大阪まで新幹線で行った。 I went from Tokyo to Osaka by bullet train.
  3. 雨がやむまで、ここで待ちましょう。 Let's wait here until the rain stops.

Usage Guide

Context: spoken, written, everyday

Tone: descriptive

Do Say

  • 昼まで寝てしまった。
  • 駅まで迎えに行きます。
  • 完成するまで何度もやり直した。

Don't Say

  • 五時までに勉強します。(までに implies a deadline; to mean 'until 5' use まで) → 五時まで勉強します。
  • 東京から大阪までへ行った。(まで and へ should not be combined — use まで alone) → 東京から大阪まで行った。

Origin & History

まで is a native Japanese particle attested since the Nara period, originally expressing spatial extent and later broadening to temporal and abstract limits.

Cultural Context

Generation: All ages

Social background: Universal

Related Phrases

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