Society, Culture & Social Order

概要

この章では「Society, Culture & Social Order」というテーマにまとまって出てくる基本語彙を学びます。単語をばらばらに覚えるのではなく、場面といっしょに定着させるための構成です。

このまとまりを身につけると、その話題について話すときの語彙が増え、読むときも聞くときも反応しやすくなります。

テーマ

この章のJLPT N1 Vocabulary (200)

1. 廃止 はいし Abolition; repeal; discontinuation. The formal ending or removal of a law, system, custom, or service.
2. 排斥 はいせき Exclusion; boycott; rejection; ostracism. The deliberate pushing away or exclusion of a person, group, or foreign entity.
3. 犯罪率 はんざいりつ Crime rate; the statistical frequency of crimes committed within a given population or area over a set period.
4. 陪審 ばいしん Jury; jury trial. A legal system in which a group of ordinary citizens participates in determining guilt or innocence.
5. ひきこもり ひきこもり Social withdrawal; recluse; hikikomori. A condition or person characterised by severe and prolonged withdrawal from social life and confi...
6. 被疑者 ひぎしゃ Suspect; accused; person under investigation. An individual who is suspected of committing a crime but has not yet been formally charged.
7. 被告人 ひこくにん Defendant; the accused. A person who has been formally indicted and is standing trial in a criminal case.
8. 被差別 ひさべつ Being discriminated against; oppressed status. Used to describe a group or individual who is or has been subjected to discrimination.
9. 風紀 ふうき Public morals; discipline; decency. The standards of moral conduct expected within a community, institution, or public sphere.
10. 風紀委員 ふうきいいん Public morals committee member; discipline officer. A student or official appointed to oversee conduct and enforce rules within a school ...
11. 風評被害 ふうひょうひがい Reputational damage; damage from rumours. Economic or social harm suffered as a result of unfounded or exaggerated negative rumours, rath...
12. 不義理 ふぎり Dishonesty; breach of faith; ingratitude. Failure to fulfil a social or moral obligation, especially to someone who has shown kindness.
13. 不祥事 ふしょうじ Scandal; disgraceful affair; misconduct. An incident of improper, unethical, or illegal behaviour by a person or organisation that causes...
14. 不登校 ふとうこう School refusal; truancy; absenteeism. A condition in which a child or adolescent repeatedly fails to attend school due to psychological, ...
15. 閉塞感 へいそくかん Sense of stagnation; feeling of being stuck; feeling of deadlock. A pervasive sense that society, an organisation, or one's personal circ...
16. 偏差値 へんさち Deviation value; standardised test score. A standardised score used in Japan's education system indicating how far a student's performanc...
17. 弁護 べんご Defence; advocacy; pleading. Speaking on behalf of another person to defend them from accusation or criticism, especially in a legal cont...
18. 法事 ほうじ Buddhist memorial service; religious ceremony. A Buddhist ritual held to pray for the repose of the deceased, typically on fixed annivers...
19. 奉納 ほうのう Offering; dedication; votive. The act of presenting something to a deity or shrine as a religious offering or dedication.
20. 本音 ほんね Real intention; true feelings; honest opinion. What a person genuinely thinks or feels, as opposed to what they say in public or for soci...
21. 暴行 ぼうこう Assault; violence; attack. The use of physical force against another person; a criminal act of physical violence.
22. 防犯 ぼうはん Crime prevention; security. Measures or efforts taken to prevent criminal activity or protect against crime.
23. 亡命 ぼうめい Exile; defection; seeking asylum. Fleeing one's own country, typically for political reasons, to seek refuge or protection in another cou...
24. 暴力 ぼうりょく Violence; force; brutality. The use of physical force to harm, coerce, or intimidate; also used broadly for any coercive or destructive f...
25. 撲滅 ぼくめつ Eradication; extermination; stamping out. The complete elimination of something harmful, such as a disease, crime, or social evil.
26. 菩薩 ぼさつ Bodhisattva; an enlightened being who delays nirvana out of compassion to guide others toward salvation.
27. 煩悩 ぼんのう Worldly desires; earthly passions; mental afflictions that cause suffering and bind beings to the cycle of rebirth.
28. 万引き まんびき Shoplifting; the act of stealing merchandise from a retail store without paying.
29. 見栄 みえ Vanity; keeping up appearances; concern for how one appears to others; putting on a show.
30. 身柄 みがら A person in legal custody; one's physical person as an object of custody or jurisdiction; a person's identity or whereabouts.
31. 未遂犯 みすいはん Attempted crime; a criminal act that was commenced but not completed.
32. 民衆 みんしゅう The people; the masses; the general public as a collective social force.
33. 民生委員 みんせいいいん Welfare commissioner; a volunteer community welfare officer appointed by the government to support vulnerable residents.
34. 無常 むじょう Impermanence; the Buddhist principle that all phenomena are transient and subject to change.
35. 名声 めいせい Fame; reputation; renown; the widespread recognition of a person's achievements or character.
36. 黙秘権 もくひけん The right to remain silent; the legal right of a suspect or accused person not to be compelled to speak or testify against themselves.
37. 喪中 もちゅう Mourning period; the period of bereavement during which traditional observances are kept after the death of a family member.
38. 模倣犯 もほうはん Copycat criminal; a person who commits a crime imitating a previous, often widely publicised, criminal act.
39. 門地 もんち Family status; lineage; birth; social rank determined by the family one is born into.
40. 厄年 やくどし Unlucky year; a critical year in a person's life traditionally believed to bring misfortune and requiring special religious caution.
41. 結納 ゆいのう Betrothal gift; formal engagement ceremony in which the groom's family presents gifts to the bride's family to formalise the marriage agr...
42. 養子縁組 ようしえんぐみ Adoption; the legal formation of a parent-child relationship between individuals not related by birth.
43. 拉致 らち Abduction; kidnapping; the forcible seizure and removal of a person against their will.
44. 利権 りけん Vested interests; concession; a privilege or right that yields financial or political benefit, often obtained through special connections.
45. 輪廻 りんね Samsara; the cycle of death and rebirth; reincarnation as a continuous cycle of existence driven by karma.
46. 連座 れんざ Being implicated in a crime or wrongdoing; guilt by association; suffering consequences due to one's relationship with a wrongdoer.
47. 連帯責任 れんたいせきにん Joint responsibility; collective liability; a situation where all members of a group share responsibility for an act or outcome.
48. 労働争議 ろうどうそうぎ Labour dispute; industrial action; a conflict between workers and management over wages, conditions, or rights.
49. 和議 わぎ Peace conference; compromise; a negotiated settlement or arrangement between parties in conflict.
50. インフラ インフラ Infrastructure; the fundamental physical and organisational systems that support society and the economy.
51. 悪徳 あくとく Wickedness; vice; corruption; moral depravity. Refers to unethical conduct or character marked by immorality and dishonesty.
52. 圧力団体 あつりょくだんたい Pressure group; lobbying group; interest group. An organised body that seeks to influence government policy or public opinion in favour o...
53. 天下り あまくだり Descent from heaven; the practice of retired senior government officials taking lucrative positions in the private sector or in corporati...
54. 委員会 いいんかい Committee; commission; board. A formal body of people appointed or elected to perform a specific function within an organisation or gover...
55. 意識調査 いしきちょうさ Opinion poll; attitude survey; awareness survey. A systematic inquiry into what a population thinks, feels, or knows about a particular i...
56. 慰謝料 いしゃりょう Consolation money; damages; financial compensation paid as reparation for emotional distress, injury, or suffering caused by another party.
57. 一揆 いっき Revolt; uprising; rebellion. Historically refers to collective uprisings by peasants or commoners against ruling authorities during Japan...
58. 隠蔽 いんぺい Cover-up; concealment; suppression. The deliberate hiding or obscuring of information, evidence, or wrongdoing.
59. 打ち首 うちくび Beheading; decapitation; capital punishment by decapitation. A method of execution historically used in Japan.
60. 冤罪 えんざい False charge; wrongful conviction; miscarriage of justice. Being charged, prosecuted, or convicted of a crime one did not commit.
61. 生い立ち おいたち One's upbringing; personal history; background. The circumstances and environment in which a person grew up.
62. 汚名 おめい Bad reputation; stigma; dishonour; infamy. A name or reputation tarnished by scandal, failure, or wrongdoing.
63. 恩義 おんぎ Indebtedness; a sense of obligation arising from a favour or kindness received; moral duty to repay someone's goodwill.
64. 恩赦 おんしゃ Amnesty; pardon; clemency. An official act by which the state forgives or mitigates the punishment of convicted persons, typically markin...
65. 過干渉 かかんしょう Overintervention; excessive meddling; being overbearing in another's affairs, especially in a parent-child or professional context.
66. 加害 かがい Inflicting harm; perpetration; the act of causing injury, damage, or loss to another person.
67. 核家族 かくかぞく Nuclear family. A family unit consisting of parents (or a single parent) and their dependent children, living together without extended f...
68. 格差社会 かくさしゃかい A society with widening inequality; a stratified society marked by large and growing gaps in income, wealth, or opportunity between diffe...
69. 格差是正 かくさぜせい Correction of disparities; reducing inequality; policies or efforts aimed at narrowing gaps in income, wealth, education, or opportunity.
70. 格式 かくしき Social standing; formality; prestige; the established conventions and decorum associated with a particular class, institution, or occasion.
71. 格付け かくづけ Rating; ranking; classification; grading. The act of assigning a rank or grade to something based on evaluated criteria.
72. 過疎化 かそか Depopulation; the process by which a region loses population, typically through outmigration to urban areas, resulting in sparse settleme...
73. 過疎地域 かそちいき Depopulated area; underpopulated region. An area designated as having significantly declined in population, typically a rural or remote d...
74. 家督 かとく Family headship; the right and responsibility of succession to a family's estate, name, and assets, formerly held by the eldest son under...
75. 過保護 かほご Overprotective; overindulgent; an excessive degree of care or sheltering that prevents the development of independence, especially in a p...
76. 過密 かみつ Overcrowding; excessive congestion or density. Used to describe overpopulated areas, overburdened schedules, or overcrowded facilities.
77. 仮釈放 かりしゃくほう Parole; conditional release of a prisoner before completing a full sentence, subject to good behaviour and compliance with conditions.
78. 環境汚染 かんきょうおせん Environmental pollution; the contamination of natural environments by harmful substances, industrial waste, or human activity.
79. 冠婚葬祭 かんこんそうさい The four major ceremonial occasions in Japanese life: coming-of-age, weddings, funerals, and ancestral rites. Collectively refers to impo...
80. 帰依 きえ Devotion; spiritual conversion; taking refuge in the Three Jewels of Buddhism — the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha.
81. 棄民 きみん Abandoned people; citizens or subjects forsaken by the state or ruling authority, left without protection, support, or recognition.
82. 教育委員会 きょういくいいんかい Board of education; the administrative body overseeing public education at the prefectural or municipal level in Japan.
83. 教化 きょうか Edification; moral instruction and enlightenment. The process of guiding people toward ethical, spiritual, or intellectual improvement.
84. 恐喝 きょうかつ Blackmail; extortion; the act of threatening someone to obtain money, property, or compliance through fear and intimidation.
85. 強権 きょうけん Coercive power; strong-arm authority; power exercised forcefully without regard for individual rights or consent.
86. 共助 きょうじょ Mutual aid; the principle of people helping each other within a community or group, as one of the three pillars of social support alongsi...
87. 共生 きょうせい Coexistence; symbiosis; the state of different individuals, communities, or species living together in mutual harmony or interdependence.
88. 矯正 きょうせい Correction; the act of rectifying a fault, deviation, or criminal behaviour. Also used for orthodontic treatment and physical correction ...
89. 共同体 きょうどうたい Community; a group of people sharing common interests, geography, identity, or purpose and functioning as a cohesive collective unit.
90. 共犯 きょうはん Complicity; joint crime; participation in a criminal act alongside another person. Also refers to an accomplice or co-offender.
91. 恐怖政治 きょうふせいじ Reign of terror; a system of governance maintained through violence, intimidation, and fear rather than consent, law, or legitimacy.
92. 極刑 きょっけい Capital punishment; the most severe penalty available under the law; the death sentence.
93. 近代化 きんだいか Modernisation; the transformation of a society, institution, or system in accordance with modern standards of technology, economy, govern...
94. 偽善 ぎぜん Hypocrisy; the practice of pretending to hold moral beliefs or virtues that one does not actually possess or follow.
95. 偽装 ぎそう Disguise; camouflage; deliberate misrepresentation of one's identity, the nature of a product, or the terms of a contract.
96. 義務教育 ぎむきょういく Compulsory education; the legally mandated period of schooling that all children must attend, comprising elementary and middle school in ...
97. 義理 ぎり Social duty; obligation rooted in relationships and social norms rather than personal desire or law. A felt sense of indebtedness or cour...
98. 空洞化 くうどうか Hollowing out; the process by which the core substance, industry, or population of something is removed, leaving an empty shell.
99. 草の根 くさのね Grassroots; originating from or involving ordinary citizens at the local or community level, as opposed to elite institutions or top-down...
100. 口利き くちきき Mediation; intercession; influence peddling. Using personal connections or position to facilitate something for another, often implying i...
101. 口止め くちどめ Gag order; silencing; hushing up. The act of ordering or pressuring someone to keep silent about something.
102. 黒幕 くろまく Mastermind; wire-puller; behind-the-scenes power. A person who pulls strings from the shadows without appearing directly involved.
103. 愚民 ぐみん Ignorant masses; uneducated people. A derogatory term for people regarded as lacking education or political awareness.
104. 慶弔 けいちょう Celebrations and condolences; happy and sad occasions. A paired term covering the full range of major life events.
105. 啓発 けいはつ Enlightenment; edification; awareness-raising. The act of broadening someone's understanding or inspiring new insight.
106. 啓蒙 けいもう Enlightenment; education; raising awareness. The intellectual or moral education of people, especially those deemed uninformed.
107. 解脱 げだつ Liberation; emancipation; moksha; nirvana. The state of being freed from earthly suffering and the cycle of rebirth.
108. 限界集落 げんかいしゅうらく Marginal settlement; dying village. A rural community where over half the population is aged 65 or older, and whose continued existence i...
109. 減税 げんぜい Tax reduction; tax cut. A decrease in the amount of tax levied on individuals or businesses.
110. 公益 こうえき Public interest; public benefit; the common good. Actions or policies that serve society at large rather than private interests.
111. 拘置所 こうちしょ Detention centre; holding facility; jail. A facility where suspects or defendants are held before or during trial, distinct from a prison...
112. 香典 こうでん Condolence gift; funeral offering; incense money. Cash given in a special envelope to bereaved families to help cover funeral expenses.
113. 公徳心 こうとくしん Public morality; civic virtue; public spirit. A sense of responsibility and consideration for others in shared spaces and public life.
114. 興亡 こうぼう Rise and fall; ups and downs. The cycle of flourishing and decline experienced by nations, civilisations, dynasties, or organisations.
115. 拘留 こうりゅう Detention; custody; confinement. The legally authorised holding of a person, especially before trial or as a minor criminal penalty.
116. 功労 こうろう Meritorious service; distinguished contribution. Exceptional achievement or effort in service of an organisation, cause, or nation.
117. 告知 こくち Notification; announcement; notice. The formal or official act of informing someone of something important.
118. 告発 こくはつ Denunciation; accusation; exposure; indictment. The act of formally reporting or publicly accusing someone of wrongdoing.
119. 孤食 こしょく Eating alone; solitary meals. The practice or phenomenon of eating without the company of others.
120. 根絶 こんぜつ Eradication; extermination; rooting out. The complete and permanent elimination of something harmful.
121. 互助 ごじょ Mutual aid; mutual help. A system or spirit of members of a community helping one another reciprocally.
122. 御利益 ごりやく Divine blessing; benefit; grace. A benefit, good fortune, or miraculous effect believed to be bestowed by a deity or Buddha.
123. 再審 さいしん Retrial; review; rehearing. The reopening of a concluded legal case in light of new evidence or judicial error.
124. 再犯 さいはん Second offence; recidivism; relapse into crime. Committing a crime again after having been convicted and punished once before.
125. 詐欺 さぎ Fraud; swindle; scam; deception. The deliberate use of deceit to obtain money, property, or benefit from another person.
126. 搾取 さくしゅ Exploitation; extraction of labour or resources for one-sided gain. Describes taking unfair advantage of workers or the vulnerable.
127. 悟り さとり Enlightenment; realisation; spiritual awakening. Refers to a deep understanding that transcends ordinary knowledge.
128. 参政権 さんせいけん Suffrage; the right to participate in government. Encompasses the right to vote, stand for election, and engage in political processes.
129. 参拝 さんぱい Worship; visiting a shrine or temple to pay respects. A formal act of prayer or veneration at a religious site.
130. 在日 ざいにち Residing in Japan; foreign residents in Japan. Often refers specifically to ethnic Koreans and Chinese who are long-term residents.
131. しきたり しきたり Custom; convention; established practice. Refers to traditional ways of doing things that are expected and observed by a community.
132. 七五三 しちごさん Shichi-go-san; a traditional Japanese celebration held for children aged 3, 5, and 7. Marks important milestones in a child's growth.
133. 市民運動 しみんうんどう Citizens' movement; civic activism. Refers to organised grassroots efforts by ordinary citizens to influence policy or social change.
134. 社会保障 しゃかいほしょう Social security; social welfare. The system of government programmes providing economic support for citizens in need.
135. 祝儀 しゅうぎ Celebration; congratulatory gift; monetary gift. Refers to a gift of money given at celebratory occasions such as weddings.
136. 就労 しゅうろう Employment; working; gaining employment. Refers to the act of entering or engaging in paid work.
137. 修行 しゅぎょう Training; ascetic practice; discipline. Refers to rigorous self-cultivation through hardship, often in a religious or martial context.
138. 主犯 しゅはん Principal offender; ringleader; mastermind. The person most responsible for planning or leading a crime.
139. 証言 しょうげん Testimony; evidence; witness statement. An account given under oath or in an official context to establish facts.
140. 精進 しょうじん Devotion; diligent effort; Buddhist vegetarian diet. Refers to single-minded dedication to practice, or the abstention from meat in relig...
141. 職権乱用 しょっけんらんよう Abuse of authority; misuse of power. The wrongful use of one's official position or powers for personal or improper ends.
142. 所得格差 しょとくかくさ Income disparity; income inequality. The gap in earnings between different segments of society.
143. 書類送検 しょるいそうけん Referral to prosecutors without arrest; submitting case documents to the public prosecutor's office without detaining the suspect.
144. 自首 じしゅ Turning oneself in; voluntary surrender to authorities. When a suspect voluntarily reports their own crime to the police.
145. 自浄作用 じじょうさよう Self-cleansing; self-purification; the capacity of a system to correct or clean itself without external intervention.
146. 慈善 じぜん Charity; philanthropy; benevolence. Acts of giving or kindness towards those in need, often through organised donations.
147. 示談 じだん Out-of-court settlement; private compromise. An agreement reached directly between parties to resolve a dispute without going to trial.
148. 児童虐待 じどうぎゃくたい Child abuse; child maltreatment. The physical, emotional, or sexual abuse or neglect of children.
149. 児童福祉 じどうふくし Child welfare; the promotion of children's health, development, and protection by the state and society.
150. 自発的 じはつてき Voluntary; spontaneous; self-motivated. Done on one's own initiative without external compulsion or instruction.
151. 従犯 じゅうはん Accessory; accomplice; secondary offender. A person who aids or abets a crime without being the principal perpetrator.
152. 住民投票 じゅうみんとうひょう Local referendum; plebiscite. A direct vote by residents of a municipality or region on a specific issue.
153. 女性蔑視 じょせいべっし Misogyny; sexism; contempt for women. An attitude or behaviour that demeans or discriminates against women.
154. 人権 じんけん Human rights; civil rights. The fundamental rights and freedoms to which every person is inherently entitled.
155. 人口減少 じんこうげんしょう Population decline; depopulation. The reduction in the total number of inhabitants of a region over time.
156. 人身売買 じんしんばいばい Human trafficking; slave trade. The illegal trade and exploitation of human beings for labour, sex, or organs.
157. 衰退 すいたい Decline; decay; degeneration; waning. The gradual weakening or deterioration of a nation, industry, culture, or organisation.
158. 棲み分け すみわけ Coexistence through niche differentiation; ecological separation; living apart without direct competition.
159. 寸志 すんし Small token of appreciation; modest gift; gratuity. A modest offering given as a gesture of gratitude, used as a humble expression.
160. 生活保護 せいかつほご Welfare; public assistance; livelihood protection. The Japanese government programme providing income support to people below the minimum...
161. 成人式 せいじんしき Coming-of-age ceremony. The official ceremony held in Japan for young people turning twenty (now eighteen).
162. 世間知らず せけんしらず Ignorant of the ways of the world; naive; inexperienced; unworldly.
163. 世間体 せけんてい Public appearances; social reputation; face; how one is perceived by society.
164. 世襲 せしゅう Hereditary succession; passing down a position, title, or business through a family lineage.
165. 世代交代 せだいこうたい Generational change; changing of the guard; the replacement of one generation by the next in leadership or culture.
166. 窃盗 せっとう Theft; larceny; stealing. The criminal act of taking another's property without consent and with intent to deprive.
167. 先住民 せんじゅうみん Indigenous people; native inhabitants; first peoples. The original inhabitants of a land before colonisation or displacement.
168. 潜入 せんにゅう Infiltration; going undercover; sneaking into a place or organisation covertly.
169. 前科 ぜんか Criminal record; prior conviction. A formal record of previous criminal convictions held against a person.
170. 送検 そうけん Sending a case to the public prosecutor; referral for prosecution. The procedural transfer of a case from police to the prosecutor's office.
171. 相互扶助 そうごふじょ Mutual aid; mutual assistance; helping one another. The principle of members of a community supporting each other reciprocally.
172. 疎開 そかい Evacuation; dispersal; the wartime relocation of people from cities to rural areas to avoid bombing.
173. 疎外 そがい Alienation; estrangement; exclusion. The experience of feeling isolated from society, community, or one's own work.
174. 齟齬をきたす そごをきたす To be at odds; to cause a discrepancy; to produce a mismatch or contradiction between expectations and reality.
175. 忖度 そんたく Surmising another's intentions; reading the room; acting in anticipation of what a superior desires without being explicitly told.
176. 増税 ぞうぜい Tax increase; tax hike. A rise in the rate or scope of taxation imposed by the government.
177. 族議員 ぞくぎいん Politician allied with a special interest group; policy tribe member. A lawmaker who consistently champions a particular industry or mini...
178. 建前 たてまえ Official stance; public position; stated principle; facade. The position one presents in public, which may differ from one's true feelings.
179. 多文化 たぶんか Multicultural; multiethnic. Pertaining to or encompassing multiple cultures or ethnicities.
180. 多様性 たようせい Diversity; variety; multiplicity. The quality of being varied and encompassing many different types or perspectives.
181. 脱税 だつぜい Tax evasion; illegal avoidance of tax obligations.
182. 弾圧 だんあつ Oppression; suppression; crackdown. Forcible repression of people, movements, or dissent by authority.
183. 檀家 だんか Temple supporter; parishioner of a Buddhist temple. A household or family affiliated with a specific Buddhist temple for ancestral rites.
184. 談合 だんごう Bid-rigging; collusion; secret agreement among competitors to fix prices or determine a winner before a formal tender.
185. 地域格差 ちいきかくさ Regional disparity; regional inequality. The gap in wealth, services, or opportunities between different areas of the country.
186. 地域活性化 ちいきかっせいか Regional revitalisation; community development. Efforts to reinvigorate and sustain the economic and social vitality of local areas.
187. 中間層 ちゅうかんそう Middle class; middle stratum. The broad social layer between the wealthy elite and the economically disadvantaged.
188. 町内会 ちょうないかい Neighbourhood association; residents' association. A grassroots civic body that coordinates local activities and mutual aid within a defi...
189. 徴兵 ちょうへい Conscription; military draft. The compulsory enlistment of citizens into the armed forces.
190. 鎮魂 ちんこん Repose of souls; requiem; pacification of spirits. Rituals or prayers offered to calm and comfort the spirits of the dead.
191. 通報 つうほう Report; notification; tip-off; alert. The act of formally reporting information to an authority or relevant party.
192. 飛び地 とびち Enclave; exclave; detached territory. A piece of land belonging to one jurisdiction that is surrounded by or separated from the main terr...
193. 弔い とむらい Funeral; memorial service; mourning; condolence. The act of paying respects and performing rites for the deceased.
194. 動員 どういん Mobilisation; rallying; turnout. The act of assembling and organising people or resources for a collective purpose.
195. 奴隷 どれい Slave; person in slavery; one subjected to servitude. Also used figuratively for extreme subjugation.
196. 馴れ合い なれあい Collusion; cosiness; mutual back-scratching. An overly comfortable, uncritical relationship between parties who should maintain independe...
197. 軟禁 なんきん House arrest; soft detention; confinement to a specific location without formal imprisonment.
198. 捏造 ねつぞう Fabrication; forgery; falsification. The deliberate invention or falsification of facts, data, or evidence.
199. 根回し ねまわし Groundwork; behind-the-scenes consensus building. The practice of consulting key stakeholders individually before a formal decision to en...
200. 年金 ねんきん Pension; annuity. A regular payment made to retired or disabled persons, typically by the state or a private fund.