Science, Technology & Knowledge

概要

この章では「Science, Technology & Knowledge」というテーマにまとまって出てくる基本語彙を学びます。単語をばらばらに覚えるのではなく、場面といっしょに定着させるための構成です。

このまとまりを身につけると、その話題について話すときの語彙が増え、読むときも聞くときも反応しやすくなります。

テーマ

この章のJLPT N1 Vocabulary (100)

1. 暗黒物質 あんこくぶっしつ Dark matter; hypothetical matter that does not interact with electromagnetic force but whose gravitational effects are observed throughou...
2. 暗黒エネルギー あんこくエネルギー Dark energy; the hypothetical energy permeating all of space that is thought to be driving the accelerating expansion of the universe.
3. 暗号 あんごう Code; cipher; cryptography; secret signal or password. A system of symbols or transformations used to conceal meaning.
4. 演繹 えんえき Deduction; deductive reasoning. Drawing specific conclusions from general premises or principles.
5. 回帰 かいき Regression; return; recurrence. In statistics, the process of finding the relationship between variables; more broadly, a return to a for...
6. 解析 かいせき Analysis; analytical study; parsing. Breaking down complex data, structures, or phenomena into component parts to understand them.
7. 核酸 かくさん Nucleic acid; the class of biological molecules including DNA and RNA, which carry genetic information and direct protein synthesis.
8. 核分裂 かくぶんれつ Nuclear fission; the splitting of a heavy atomic nucleus into lighter nuclei, releasing large amounts of energy.
9. 核融合 かくゆうごう Nuclear fusion; the merging of light atomic nuclei to form heavier ones, releasing enormous amounts of energy. The process powering stars.
10. 確率 かくりつ Probability; likelihood. A numerical measure of the likelihood that a given event will occur, expressed as a value between 0 and 1.
11. 加速度 かそくど Acceleration; the rate of change of velocity with respect to time. A fundamental quantity in classical mechanics.
12. 可塑性 かそせい Plasticity; malleability. The ability of a material or system to undergo permanent deformation in response to stress, retaining the new s...
13. 還元反応 かんげんはんのう Reduction reaction; a chemical reaction in which a substance gains electrons (or loses oxygen or gains hydrogen). The counterpart of oxid...
14. 観測 かんそく Observation; measurement; monitoring. The act of systematically watching, measuring, or recording natural phenomena for scientific purposes.
15. 揮発 きはつ Volatilisation; evaporation. The process by which a substance changes from liquid or solid phase to vapour at relatively low temperatures.
16. 吸着 きゅうちゃく Adsorption; the adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid to a surface, forming a thin film.
17. 極性 きょくせい Polarity; the separation of electric charge, leading to a molecule or bond having a positive and a negative end.
18. 近似 きんじ Approximation; an estimate or representation that is close to, but not exactly equal to, the true value or form.
19. 凝固 ぎょうこ Solidification; coagulation; the process of a liquid changing to a solid state, or of a substance clotting or hardening.
20. 屈折 くっせつ Refraction; the bending of a wave (light, sound) as it passes from one medium to another of different density. Also used figuratively for...
21. 系統樹 けいとうじゅ Phylogenetic tree; evolutionary tree. A branching diagram representing the inferred evolutionary relationships among species or other bio...
22. 系統的 けいとうてき Systematic; methodical; organised according to a clear plan or system. Done in a thorough, well-organised manner.
23. 検証 けんしょう Verification; validation; testing; inspection. The process of confirming that something is true, accurate, or meets specified requirements.
24. 膠質 こうしつ Colloid; a colloidal substance. A mixture in which microscopically dispersed insoluble particles are suspended throughout another substance.
25. 光年 こうねん Light year; the distance that light travels in one year in a vacuum, approximately 9.461 × 10¹⁵ metres. Used as a unit of astronomical di...
26. 再現性 さいげんせい Reproducibility; replicability. The ability of an experiment or result to be reproduced under the same conditions.
27. 酸塩基 さんえんき Acid-base; acid and base as a paired concept in chemistry. Refers to the system of acids and bases and their reactions.
28. 算出 さんしゅつ Calculation; computation; working out a value. The act of deriving a numerical result through mathematical operations.
29. 座標 ざひょう Coordinates; a coordinate system. Numbers that specify the position of a point in a geometric space.
30. 恣意的 しいてき Arbitrary; subjective; based on personal whim rather than reasoned principle. Describes a choice or categorisation lacking objective basis.
31. 閾値 しきいち Threshold; threshold value. The minimum level a stimulus or variable must reach to trigger a specific response or effect.
32. 脂質 ししつ Lipid; fat. A class of organic molecules including fats, oils, and waxes that are insoluble in water.
33. 質量 しつりょう Mass; the amount of matter in an object (physics). Distinguished from weight, which varies with gravitational force.
34. 収斂 しゅうれん Convergence; the process of coming together toward a single point or value. Also: contraction of tissue; astringency.
35. 触媒 しょくばい Catalyst; a substance that accelerates a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.
36. 触覚 しょっかく The sense of touch; tactile sense. Also: antenna or feeler of an insect or crustacean.
37. 真空 しんくう Vacuum; a space devoid of matter. A state in which gas pressure is significantly lower than atmospheric pressure.
38. 浸食 しんしょく Erosion; the gradual wearing away of rock, soil, or materials by wind, water, or chemical action. Also: corrosion; encroachment.
39. 浸透圧 しんとうあつ Osmotic pressure; the pressure required to prevent the flow of solvent across a semipermeable membrane separating solutions of different ...
40. 浸透膜 しんとうまく Semipermeable membrane; osmotic membrane. A thin barrier that allows certain molecules to pass through while blocking others.
41. 振動 しんどう Vibration; oscillation; tremor. A rapid back-and-forth movement around a central point.
42. 磁場 じば Magnetic field; the region of space around a magnet or electric current where magnetic forces are exerted.
43. 自律 じりつ Autonomy; self-regulation; the capacity to govern oneself or operate independently without external control.
44. 整合性 せいごうせい Consistency; coherence; integrity. The property of being internally consistent and free of contradictions.
45. 生成 せいせい Generation; creation; formation; production. The process by which something comes into being.
46. 積分 せきぶん Integration; integral calculus. The mathematical operation of finding the integral of a function, used to calculate areas, volumes, and a...
47. 絶縁体 ぜつえんたい Insulator; non-conductor. A material that does not readily conduct electric current, heat, or sound.
48. 相関 そうかん Correlation; interrelation. A statistical or logical relationship between two variables where changes in one correspond to changes in the...
49. 相対性 そうたいせい Relativity; the property of being relative rather than absolute. Most famously associated with Einstein's theory of relativity.
50. 相同 そうどう Homologous; corresponding in structure or evolutionary origin, even if function differs. Describes organs or genes sharing a common ances...
51. 束縛状態 そくばくじょうたい Bound state; a physical state in which a particle or system is confined by a potential well and cannot escape to infinity. Used predomina...
52. 代謝 たいしゃ Metabolism; the set of biochemical reactions that sustain life in an organism. Also used figuratively to mean renewal or turnover within ...
53. 帯電 たいでん Electrification; the acquisition of an electric charge by an object, typically through friction or induction. Refers to both static charg...
54. 炭水化物 たんすいかぶつ Carbohydrate; a class of organic compounds including sugars, starches, and fibre that serve as a primary energy source in living organisms.
55. 潮汐 ちょうせき Tide; the periodic rise and fall of sea levels caused primarily by the gravitational forces of the Moon and Sun acting on Earth's oceans.
56. 超伝導 ちょうでんどう Superconductivity; the phenomenon in which certain materials exhibit zero electrical resistance and expel magnetic fields when cooled bel...
57. 沈殿 ちんでん Precipitation; sedimentation; the process by which a solid forms in a solution and settles to the bottom, or the solid deposit itself.
58. 定数 ていすう Constant; a fixed numerical value that does not change within a given context, mathematical expression, or physical law.
59. 定性的 ていせいてき Qualitative; relating to or based on the quality, nature, or character of something rather than its quantity or numerical measurement.
60. 定量的 ていりょうてき Quantitative; relating to or expressible in terms of numerical quantities or measurable amounts.
61. 透過 とうか Transmission; permeation; the passage of light, radiation, or particles through a medium or barrier without being absorbed or reflected.
62. 淘汰圧 とうたあつ Selection pressure; the environmental or ecological force that influences the survival and reproduction of organisms with certain traits,...
63. 同位体 どういたい Isotope; one of two or more atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, resulting i...
64. 導体 どうたい Conductor; a material that allows the flow of electric current with little resistance. Commonly refers to metals such as copper, silver, ...
65. 熱伝導 ねつでんどう Thermal conduction; the transfer of heat through a material from a region of higher temperature to one of lower temperature by direct par...
66. 熱力学 ねつりきがく Thermodynamics; the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat, work, temperature, and energy, and the laws governi...
67. 粘性 ねんせい Viscosity; the property of a fluid that resists flow due to internal friction between its molecules; also used figuratively to mean stick...
68. 波長 はちょう Wavelength; the distance between successive crests or troughs in a wave. Informally, also used to mean being on the same wavelength, i.e....
69. 発散 はっさん Divergence; the spreading outward or dispersal of something, such as rays, energy, or a mathematical sequence that increases without boun...
70. 反証 はんしょう Counter-evidence; disproof; evidence or argument that contradicts or refutes a claim, hypothesis, or proposition.
71. 半導体 はんどうたい Semiconductor; a material whose electrical conductivity lies between that of a conductor and an insulator, and which can be controlled by...
72. 媒体 ばいたい Medium; carrier; a substance or channel through which something is transmitted, conveyed, or communicated. Includes physical media, biolo...
73. 培養 ばいよう Cultivation; culture; the process of growing microorganisms, cells, or tissues in a controlled artificial environment. Also used figurati...
74. 被験者 ひけんしゃ Research participant; test subject; a person who takes part in a scientific experiment or clinical trial and undergoes tests or procedure...
75. 標本 ひょうほん Specimen; sample; a representative example of a species, material, or population selected for examination, display, or statistical analysis.
76. 微分 びぶん Differentiation; differential calculus. The mathematical operation of finding the derivative of a function, expressing the instantaneous ...
77. 不確定性 ふかくていせい Uncertainty; indeterminacy. The quality of being fundamentally unpredictable or imprecisely defined, especially as formalised in quantum ...
78. 輻射 ふくしゃ Radiation; radiant heat; electromagnetic emission. The process of transmitting energy outward as electromagnetic waves, especially therma...
79. 腐敗する ふはいする To decay; to decompose; to rot; to putrefy. Describes the biological breakdown of organic matter, and figuratively the moral decline of i...
80. 普遍性 ふへんせい Universality; generality. The quality of applying across all cases, contexts, or conditions without exception.
81. 平衡 へいこう Equilibrium; balance. A state in which opposing forces or influences are equal and stable, used across chemistry, physics, biology, and e...
82. 変異 へんい Variation; mutation; anomaly. In biology, a heritable change in genetic material; more broadly, any deviation from the normal or expected...
83. 偏差 へんさ Deviation; the amount by which a value differs from a standard or average. Used in statistics, meteorology, and quality control.
84. 変数 へんすう Variable; parameter. A mathematical symbol representing a value that can change within a given context, formula, or programme.
85. 崩壊系列 ほうかいけいれつ Decay chain; radioactive series. A sequence of radioactive decays by which an unstable nuclide passes through successive transformations ...
86. 胞子 ほうし Spore. A reproductive unit in fungi, plants, and certain bacteria, capable of developing into a new organism without fusion with another ...
87. 方程式 ほうていしき Equation; mathematical formula. A statement asserting the equality of two expressions, typically used to find unknown values.
88. 飽和状態 ほうわじょうたい Saturated state; saturation. A condition in which a substance has absorbed or dissolved to its maximum capacity at a given temperature an...
89. 飽和点 ほうわてん Saturation point. The precise threshold at which a system reaches its maximum capacity and can accept no more of a given substance or input.
90. 母集団 ぼしゅうだん Population; parent group. In statistics, the complete set of individuals, objects, or measurements about which conclusions are to be drawn.
91. 摩擦 まさつ Friction; rubbing; resistance between surfaces in contact. Also used figuratively for conflict, tension, or discord between people or gro...
92. 有意 ゆうい Significant; meaningful. In statistics, indicates that a result is unlikely to have occurred by chance, typically at a specified signific...
93. 溶解 ようかい Dissolution; melting; the process by which a substance is dissolved into a solvent to form a solution, or more broadly, something being b...
94. 葉緑体 ようりょくたい Chloroplast. The membrane-bound organelle found in plant and algal cells responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy thr...
95. 力学 りきがく Mechanics; dynamics. The branch of physics dealing with the motion of objects and the forces that cause or affect motion.
96. 立証 りっしょう Proof; demonstration; substantiation. The act of establishing a claim through evidence, experimentation, or logical argument.
97. 量子 りょうし Quantum. The smallest discrete unit of a physical quantity, especially electromagnetic energy, as described by quantum theory.
98. 臨床 りんしょう Clinical; bedside; clinical practice. Relating to the direct observation and treatment of patients, as distinguished from theoretical or ...
99. 励起 れいき Excitation; stimulation. In physics and chemistry, the process of raising an atom, molecule, or nucleus from its ground state to a higher...
100. 論証 ろんしょう Proof; demonstration; argument; logical reasoning. The process of establishing the truth of a proposition through structured, evidence-ba...