Politics, Law & Power

概要

この章では「Politics, Law & Power」というテーマにまとまって出てくる基本語彙を学びます。単語をばらばらに覚えるのではなく、場面といっしょに定着させるための構成です。

このまとまりを身につけると、その話題について話すときの語彙が増え、読むときも聞くときも反応しやすくなります。

テーマ

この章のJLPT N1 Vocabulary (149)

1. 分権 ぶんけん Decentralisation; devolution of power. The distribution of authority and administrative functions away from a central government to local...
2. 併合 へいごう Annexation; merger; incorporation. The act of absorbing one territory, state, or organisation into another, often by force or political p...
3. 兵站 へいたん Logistics; supply line; military supply. The organised system of planning and executing the movement and maintenance of forces, including...
4. 平和主義 へいわしゅぎ Pacifism; peace principle. The doctrine that disputes between nations should be settled by peaceful means and that war and violence are u...
5. 弁論 べんろん Argument; debate; pleading; oral argument. The act of presenting one's case or argument through speech, especially in a legal or formal d...
6. 法治 ほうち Rule of law; government by law. The principle that all individuals, institutions, and government entities are accountable to laws that ar...
7. 報復措置 ほうふくそち Retaliatory measure; countermeasure. An action taken by a state or organisation in response to a perceived injury or hostile act by anoth...
8. 補欠選挙 ほけつせんきょ By-election; special election. An election held to fill a vacancy in a legislative seat caused by the death, resignation, or disqualifica...
9. 亡国 ぼうこく Ruined country; national ruin; downfall of a nation. The destruction or collapse of a state, or a situation that leads inevitably to such...
10. 民意 みんい Will of the people; public opinion; popular will. The collective wishes, preferences, and judgements of the general population as express...
11. 民主主義 みんしゅしゅぎ Democracy; democratic principles. A system of government in which supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or...
12. 盟約 めいやく Oath; pledge; alliance; covenant. A solemn binding agreement or commitment between parties, often between nations or organisations, carry...
13. 有権者 ゆうけんしゃ Eligible voter; person with voting rights. A citizen who has met the legal requirements to participate in elections.
14. 有事 ゆうじ Emergency; contingency; wartime; crisis. A state of exceptional circumstances, especially armed conflict, serious security threat, or maj...
15. 抑圧 よくあつ Oppression; suppression; repression. The use of authority or force to control, restrain, or silence a person, group, or expression of will.
16. 立憲 りっけん Constitutionalism; constitutional government. The principle that governmental authority is derived from, defined by, and limited by a for...
17. 立候補 りっこうほ Candidacy; running for office. The formal act of declaring oneself a candidate for an elected position.
18. 離反 りはん Defection; estrangement; alienation. The act of turning away from, abandoning, or becoming estranged from a person, group, or ideology on...
19. 領海 りょうかい Territorial waters. The belt of coastal waters extending up to 12 nautical miles from the baseline of a state over which it exercises ful...
20. 領事 りょうじ Consul. An official appointed by a state to reside in a foreign city and protect the state's commercial interests and assist its citizens...
21. 臨時国会 りんじこっかい Extraordinary Diet session; special session of parliament. A session of the National Diet convened outside the regular schedule to deal w...
22. 連立 れんりつ Coalition; alliance; federation. In politics, a government or electoral arrangement formed by two or more parties that cooperate to achie...
23. 和平 わへい Peace; reconciliation. A state of peace achieved between parties that were previously in conflict, or the process of reaching such a stat...
24. クーデター クーデター Coup d'état; military takeover. The sudden, violent, or illegal seizure of power from a government, typically carried out by a faction of...
25. 愛国 あいこく Patriotism; love of one's country. Devotion and loyalty to the nation.
26. 圧政 あっせい Tyranny; oppression; despotism. Harsh, unjust rule that suppresses the people.
27. 暗殺 あんさつ Assassination. The deliberate killing of a prominent or political figure.
28. 安保理 あんぽり UN Security Council. The principal organ of the United Nations responsible for international peace and security.
29. 域内 いきない Within the region; intra-regional. Inside a defined geographic or administrative area.
30. 一党 いっとう One party; single party. Rule or domination by a single political party.
31. 院政 いんせい Cloistered rule; governance by a retired emperor or powerful figure operating from behind the scenes.
32. 陰謀論 いんぼうろん Conspiracy theory. An explanation that attributes events to secret plots by powerful hidden groups.
33. 右派 うは Right wing; right faction; hawks. The conservative or nationalist side of a political spectrum.
34. 右翼 うよく Right wing; right-wing; conservative. Used for nationalist or ultra-conservative political movements and individuals.
35. 改憲 かいけん Constitutional amendment; revision of the constitution. The act of changing the existing constitution.
36. 戒厳令 かいげんれい Martial law; state of emergency placing a territory under military authority.
37. 開国 かいこく Opening of a country; ending isolation. The act of a nation opening its borders to foreign trade and diplomacy.
38. 解散 かいさん Dissolution (of parliament); disbanding. The formal termination of an assembly or organisation.
39. 傀儡 かいらい Puppet; figurehead; marionette. A person or state controlled by an outside power.
40. 閣僚 かくりょう Cabinet minister; member of the cabinet. A minister who sits in the government's cabinet.
41. 勧告 かんこく Recommendation; advice; counsel; warning. An official suggestion or urging directed at an entity to take a particular action.
42. 官邸 かんてい Official residence; the Prime Minister's office and residence. The seat of executive power.
43. 帰化 きか Naturalisation; becoming a citizen. The legal process by which a foreigner acquires citizenship.
44. 挙国 きょこく Whole nation; national; country-wide. Involving or representing the entire nation.
45. 挙党 きょとう United party; whole party; all-party. Involving or representing an entire political party.
46. 拒否権 きょひけん Veto power; right of veto. The authority to block or reject a decision or resolution.
47. 挙兵 きょへい Raising an army; taking up arms. The act of mobilising military force, especially in rebellion or uprising.
48. 居留地 きょりゅうち Foreign settlement; concession; reservation. An area officially designated for foreign nationals to reside and conduct business.
49. 勤王 きんのう Loyalty to the emperor; imperial loyalism. The political stance of supporting and serving the emperor's cause.
50. 禁輸 きんゆ Embargo; ban on exports or imports. A formal prohibition on trade with a specific country or in specific goods.
51. 禁令 きんれい Prohibition; ban; edict; decree. An official order forbidding a specific act or behaviour.
52. 議決 ぎけつ Resolution; vote; parliamentary decision. A formal decision reached by deliberation and voting in a legislative or governing body.
53. 議席 ぎせき Parliamentary seat; Diet seat. A seat held by an elected representative in a legislative assembly.
54. 軍議 ぐんぎ War council; military conference. A formal deliberation among military commanders to decide strategy or tactics.
55. 軍縮 ぐんしゅく Disarmament; arms reduction. The process of reducing or limiting a nation's military forces, weapons, or expenditure.
56. 軍事 ぐんじ Military affairs; matters relating to the military. Used as a noun and a modifying prefix for military-related topics.
57. 軍閥 ぐんばつ Military clique; warlord faction. A power group dominated by military figures who exert political control, often outside constitutional a...
58. 軍備 ぐんび Armament; military preparedness; arsenal. The totality of a nation's military equipment, forces, and defence infrastructure.
59. 経済制裁 けいざいせいさい Economic sanctions. Coercive measures applied by one or more countries to restrict trade, finance, or investment with a target nation.
60. 結社 けっしゃ Association; society; organisation. The act of forming a group or the group itself, especially one with a shared ideology or purpose.
61. 決議案 けつぎあん Resolution; motion for debate. A formal proposal submitted to a legislative or deliberative body for discussion and voting.
62. 検閲 けんえつ Censorship; inspection; review. The suppression or control of information, media, or communication by an authority.
63. 建議 けんぎ Recommendation; proposal; suggestion. A formal written submission of advice or proposals to a higher authority.
64. 憲章 けんしょう Charter; constitution; covenant. A foundational document that establishes the principles, rights, and governance of an organisation or na...
65. 公示 こうじ Public announcement; official notice; proclamation. An official declaration made known to the public by a government or authority.
66. 公聴会 こうちょうかい Public hearing; public inquiry. A formal session at which citizens, experts, or stakeholders present testimony to a legislative or admini...
67. 公約 こうやく Public pledge; campaign promise; manifesto commitment. A formal promise made by a politician or party to voters regarding policy if elected.
68. 国粋主義 こくすいしゅぎ Ultranationalism; national chauvinism. An extreme form of nationalism that asserts the superiority of one's nation and rejects foreign in...
69. 国政 こくせい National politics; national government. The administration and governance of a country at the national level.
70. 国是 こくぜ National policy; national principle. A fundamental principle or direction that guides the overall policy of a nation and commands broad c...
71. 国防 こくぼう National defence; national security. The protection of a nation's sovereignty, territory, and citizens from external threats.
72. 国務 こくむ National affairs; state affairs. The business and duties of governing a nation at the highest level.
73. 国交断絶 こっこうだんぜつ Severance of diplomatic relations. The formal termination of official relations between two countries.
74. 護憲 ごけん Defence of the constitution; constitutional protection. The position of upholding the existing constitution, particularly Article 9 of Ja...
75. 裁可 さいか Sanction; approval; authorisation. Refers to the formal approval granted by a sovereign, emperor, or supreme authority to a legislative a...
76. 鎖国 さこく National isolation; closed country policy. Refers to the historical policy of severely limiting foreign trade, contact, and travel.
77. 左派 さは Left wing; left faction; doves. Refers to the progressive or liberal wing of a political party or movement.
78. 左翼 さよく Left wing; left-wing; liberal. Describes political ideology favouring social equality, workers' rights, and progressive reform.
79. 三権分立 さんけんぶんりつ Separation of powers (legislative, executive, judicial). The constitutional principle that government authority is divided among three in...
80. 暫定政権 ざんていせいけん Interim government; provisional government. A temporary administration established to manage affairs until a permanent government can be ...
81. 施行 しこう Enforcement; implementation; enactment. The act of putting a law or policy into official effect.
82. 施政方針 しせいほうしん Policy speech; government policy direction. The formal statement of governing principles and priorities delivered at the opening of a leg...
83. 失脚 しっきゃく Losing one's position; downfall; fall from power. Describes the sudden or forced removal of a political figure from a position of influence.
84. 質疑 しつぎ Questioning; interpellation; inquiry. Formal questioning of officials or ministers in a legislative or official setting.
85. 諮問 しもん Consultation; inquiry; advisory. The act of a government body seeking expert advice from a consultative committee or advisory council.
86. 主権 しゅけん Sovereignty; supreme power; dominion. The supreme and independent authority of a state to govern itself and determine its own affairs.
87. 出馬 しゅつば Running for office; entering a race; candidacy. Formally declaring one's intention to stand as a candidate in an election.
88. 召集 しょうしゅう Convocation; summoning; calling together. The formal act of convening the National Diet or assembling a group under official authority.
89. 詔勅 しょうちょく Imperial edict; imperial rescript. A formal proclamation or command issued in the name of the emperor.
90. 諸侯 しょこう Feudal lords; princes; daimyo. Refers collectively to the regional lords who held power under a feudal system.
91. 信任 しんにん Confidence; trust; approval; mandate. The formal expression of confidence in a leader or government, particularly in a parliamentary vote.
92. 侵略 しんりゃく Invasion; aggression; encroachment. The hostile entry into and seizure of another state's territory, or any act of political or military ...
93. 自衛 じえい Self-defence. The right or act of defending oneself or one's country against attack.
94. 自治権 じちけん Autonomy; right of self-government. The authority of a region, community, or organisation to govern its own internal affairs.
95. 陣営 じんえい Camp; faction; side. A group of people aligned under a common political leader, cause, or coalition.
96. 請願 せいがん Petition; appeal; request. A formal written request submitted by citizens to a government body seeking a specific action or remedy.
97. 政局 せいきょく Political situation; political developments. The current state of political affairs, especially as it relates to the stability or flux of...
98. 政権交代 せいけんこうたい Change of government; regime change. A transfer of executive power from one party or coalition to another, typically following an election.
99. 政商 せいしょう Politically connected businessman; crony capitalist. A business figure who gains wealth and influence primarily through political connect...
100. 制定 せいてい Enactment; establishment; promulgation. The formal act of officially creating and establishing laws, regulations, or institutional systems.
101. 成文法 せいぶんほう Statute law; written law; codified law. Law that has been formally enacted and recorded in writing, as opposed to common law or customary...
102. 政変 せいへん Political upheaval; coup d'état; change of government. A sudden or forcible shift in political power or the governing regime.
103. 摂政 せっしょう Regent; regency. A person who governs in place of the monarch, typically when the monarch is a child, incapacitated, or otherwise unable ...
104. 選挙区 せんきょく Electoral district; constituency. A geographic area whose residents are entitled to elect one or more representatives to a legislative body.
105. 宣戦布告 せんせんふこく Declaration of war. The formal announcement by a state that it is entering a state of war against another nation.
106. 戦略 せんりゃく Strategy; strategic planning. A high-level plan for achieving long-term goals, especially in military, political, or business contexts.
107. 総裁 そうさい President; governor; director-general. The highest executive official of a political party, central bank, or major organisation.
108. 総選挙 そうせんきょ General election. A nationwide election in which all or most seats in a legislative body are contested simultaneously.
109. 尊王攘夷 そんのうじょうい Revere the emperor, expel the barbarians. The political slogan of late Edo-period activists advocating imperial restoration and the exclu...
110. 属国 ぞっこく Vassal state; dependency; satellite state. A country that is subordinate to, dependent on, or controlled by a more powerful state.
111. 体制派 たいせいは Establishment faction; pro-government group. Those who support or belong to the existing political establishment or power structure.
112. 代議士 だいぎし Member of parliament; representative. Specifically, a member of the House of Representatives (衆議院) of the Japanese National Diet.
113. 大名 だいみょう Feudal lord; daimyo. A powerful territorial lord who ruled over a domain (藩) in feudal Japan under the authority of the shogunate.
114. 太政官 だじょうかん Grand Council of State. The supreme governing body of Japan from the Nara period through to 1885, when it was replaced by the modern cabi...
115. 弾劾 だんがい Impeachment; denunciation; censure. A formal charge or process brought against a public official for misconduct, abuse of power, or viola...
116. 断交 だんこう Severance of diplomatic relations; breaking off ties. The formal termination of diplomatic relations between two countries.
117. 中央集権 ちゅうおうしゅうけん Centralisation of power; centralised government. A system in which political authority and decision-making are concentrated at the nation...
118. 駐留 ちゅうりゅう Stationing of troops; garrisoning. The deployment and long-term presence of military forces in a specific location, especially in a forei...
119. 徴収 ちょうしゅう Collection; levy; exaction. The official collection of money or goods from individuals or organisations, particularly taxes, fees, premiu...
120. 勅令 ちょくれい Imperial decree; imperial order. An edict issued directly by the emperor, carrying the force of law.
121. 陳情 ちんじょう Petition; appeal; representation. A formal request or appeal made to a public authority or government official, explaining one's circumst...
122. 停戦 ていせん Ceasefire; armistice; truce. A mutual agreement between warring parties to halt fighting for a period of time.
123. 撤兵 てっぺい Withdrawal of troops; troop pullout. The removal of military forces from an occupied or deployed area.
124. 天皇 てんのう Emperor of Japan. The constitutional monarch and head of state of Japan, occupying the highest position in the Imperial Family.
125. 統治 とうち Rule; governance; administration. The exercise of authority over a territory or people by an organised power.
126. 投票所 とうひょうじょ Polling station; the official venue where citizens cast their ballots during an election.
127. 投票率 とうひょうりつ Voter turnout; the percentage of eligible voters who actually cast ballots in a given election.
128. 特赦 とくしゃ Special pardon; clemency granted by the head of state to a specific individual, forgiving their crime or reducing their sentence.
129. 渡航 とこう Voyage abroad; travel to a foreign country; the act of crossing to another nation.
130. 内政干渉 ないせいかんしょう Interference in domestic affairs; the act of one state meddling in the internal politics of another sovereign nation.
131. 内紛 ないふん Internal strife; infighting; discord arising from within an organisation or group.
132. 内乱 ないらん Civil war; insurrection; large-scale internal armed conflict threatening the authority of a state.
133. 難民申請 なんみんしんせい Asylum application; the formal process by which a person seeks official recognition as a refugee in another country.
134. 認可 にんか Approval; authorisation; a formal permit granted by an official authority confirming that standards have been met.
135. 排外 はいがい Xenophobia; exclusionism; hostility towards or systematic rejection of foreigners and foreign influence.
136. 覇権 はけん Hegemony; supremacy; preponderant political, military, or economic dominance exercised by one power over others.
137. 派閥 はばつ Faction; clique; an organised sub-group within a larger political party or institution that advances its own interests.
138. 反政府 はんせいふ Anti-government; pertaining to organised opposition or armed resistance to the current governing authority.
139. 反体制 はんたいせい Anti-establishment; opposition to the existing social, political, or cultural order as a whole.
140. 判例 はんれい Judicial precedent; a court ruling, particularly of a superior court, that serves as an authoritative reference for interpreting law in s...
141. 賠償金 ばいしょうきん Compensation; indemnity; money paid to make good damages, losses, or injuries caused by a wrongful act.
142. 幕府 ばくふ Shogunate; the military government established by a shogun in feudal Japan, serving as the de facto ruling administration.
143. 幕僚 ばくりょう Staff officer; military aide; an adviser or senior assistant serving a commanding officer or high-ranking official.
144. 批准 ひじゅん Ratification; the formal approval of an international treaty or agreement by a state's authorised body, rendering it legally binding.
145. 非武装 ひぶそう Unarmed; demilitarised; the condition of not possessing weapons or having had armaments formally removed.
146. 罷免 ひめん Dismissal; removal from office; the imposition of termination of an official's duties by a superior authority.
147. 布告 ふこく Proclamation; declaration; an official public announcement of policy, law, or a momentous decision issued by a government or sovereign.
148. 不文律 ふぶんりつ Unwritten law; unspoken rule; a convention or norm that functions as effectively binding without being formally codified.
149. 奉行 ぶぎょう Magistrate; commissioner; a feudal Japanese official combining judicial, executive, and policing authority within a designated domain.