固然

• Pinyin: gù rán
• Desglose de hanzi: 固 = 囗 (enclosure) + 古 (ancient) — firm, solid, established fact; 然 = 灬 (fire) + 月 (flesh) + 犬 (dog) — originally roasting meat, extended to mean 'so, thus'

Significado

Ciertamente; es verdad que… (pero…).

A classic concessive connector in formal written and spoken Chinese. Always anticipates a contrasting clause introduced by 但、然而, or 不过. The structure '固然…但…' is a standard rhetorical pattern in essays, debates, and formal speeches. Registers as relatively formal and is rarely used in casual conversation.

Ejemplos

1. 速度固然重要，但质量才是赢得客户信任的根本保障。
2. 经济发展固然能改善生活水平，但环境代价不可忽视。
3. 他的建议固然出发点是好的，实施起来却面临重重困难。

Guía de uso

Contexto: academic writing, debate, formal speech, essays, argumentation

Tono: logical

Correcto

• 创新固然需要勇气，但没有扎实的基础知识作为支撑，往往只是空中楼阁。(Innovation admittedly requires courage, but without solid foundational knowledge as support, it is often nothing more than a castle in the air.)
• 个人努力固然是成功的重要因素，机遇与平台同样不可或缺。(Individual effort is admittedly an important factor in success, but opportunity and platform are equally indispensable.)

Incorrecto

• 将'固然'单独使用而不引出转折 — 固然 always anticipates a contrasting clause; using it without a following qualifying statement leaves the sentence incomplete in meaning

Origen e historia

固 (firm; certainly; admittedly) + 然 (so; thus; in that manner). Together they form a concessive expression acknowledging what is firmly the case before introducing a qualification.

Contexto cultural

Generación: All ages

Contexto social: Educated speakers, formal contexts