固然

• ピンイン: gù rán
• 漢字の分解: 固 = 囗 (enclosure) + 古 (ancient) — firm, solid, established fact; 然 = 灬 (fire) + 月 (flesh) + 犬 (dog) — originally roasting meat, extended to mean 'so, thus'

意味

確かに〜だが；もちろん〜だが

A classic concessive connector in formal written and spoken Chinese. Always anticipates a contrasting clause introduced by 但、然而, or 不过. The structure '固然…但…' is a standard rhetorical pattern in essays, debates, and formal speeches. Registers as relatively formal and is rarely used in casual conversation.

例文

1. 速度固然重要，但质量才是赢得客户信任的根本保障。
2. 经济发展固然能改善生活水平，但环境代价不可忽视。
3. 他的建议固然出发点是好的，实施起来却面临重重困难。

使い方ガイド

場面: academic writing, debate, formal speech, essays, argumentation

トーン: logical

正しい言い方

• 创新固然需要勇气，但没有扎实的基础知识作为支撑，往往只是空中楼阁。(Innovation admittedly requires courage, but without solid foundational knowledge as support, it is often nothing more than a castle in the air.)
• 个人努力固然是成功的重要因素，机遇与平台同样不可或缺。(Individual effort is admittedly an important factor in success, but opportunity and platform are equally indispensable.)

避ける言い方

• 将'固然'单独使用而不引出转折 — 固然 always anticipates a contrasting clause; using it without a following qualifying statement leaves the sentence incomplete in meaning

起源と歴史

固 (firm; certainly; admittedly) + 然 (so; thus; in that manner). Together they form a concessive expression acknowledging what is firmly the case before introducing a qualification.

文化的背景

世代: All ages

社会的背景: Educated speakers, formal contexts