固然

• 병음: gù rán
• 한자 분석: 固 = 囗 (enclosure) + 古 (ancient) — firm, solid, established fact; 然 = 灬 (fire) + 月 (flesh) + 犬 (dog) — originally roasting meat, extended to mean 'so, thus'

뜻

물론…하지만; 인정하건대

A classic concessive connector in formal written and spoken Chinese. Always anticipates a contrasting clause introduced by 但、然而, or 不过. The structure '固然…但…' is a standard rhetorical pattern in essays, debates, and formal speeches. Registers as relatively formal and is rarely used in casual conversation.

예문

1. 速度固然重要，但质量才是赢得客户信任的根本保障。
2. 经济发展固然能改善生活水平，但环境代价不可忽视。
3. 他的建议固然出发点是好的，实施起来却面临重重困难。

사용 가이드

맥락: academic writing, debate, formal speech, essays, argumentation

어조: logical

올바른 표현

• 创新固然需要勇气，但没有扎实的基础知识作为支撑，往往只是空中楼阁。(Innovation admittedly requires courage, but without solid foundational knowledge as support, it is often nothing more than a castle in the air.)
• 个人努力固然是成功的重要因素，机遇与平台同样不可或缺。(Individual effort is admittedly an important factor in success, but opportunity and platform are equally indispensable.)

피해야 할 표현

• 将'固然'单独使用而不引出转折 — 固然 always anticipates a contrasting clause; using it without a following qualifying statement leaves the sentence incomplete in meaning

기원과 역사

固 (firm; certainly; admittedly) + 然 (so; thus; in that manner). Together they form a concessive expression acknowledging what is firmly the case before introducing a qualification.

문화적 배경

세대: All ages

사회적 배경: Educated speakers, formal contexts