~ないで (without doing)

Japanese Grammar Basic Japanese ★★★★ 4/5 neutral ないでnaide
Reading ないで
Romaji naide
Formation Verb ない-form + で

Meaning

The negative て-form of a verb meaning 'without doing' something. It indicates that an action is performed while another action is left undone, or it is used to make a negative request.

ないで has two main functions: (1) expressing manner — performing an action without doing something else (朝ご飯を食べないで出かけた — I went out without eating breakfast), and (2) making a negative request (走らないで — Don't run). The manner use describes the absence of an accompanying action, while the request use is a gentler alternative to な (prohibition). A critical distinction exists with なくて: ないで is for manner and requests, while なくて expresses a cause leading to an emotional state or non-volitional result. This ないで vs. なくて distinction is a frequent source of errors for learners.

Examples

  1. 朝ご飯を食べないで学校に行った。 I went to school without eating breakfast.
  2. 傘を持たないで出かけてしまった。 I went out without bringing an umbrella.
  3. テレビを見ないで勉強しなさい。 Study without watching TV.

Usage Guide

Context: spoken, written, everyday

Tone: instructive

Do Say

  • 何も言わないで部屋を出て行った。
  • 辞書を使わないで読んでみた。
  • 走らないでゆっくり歩きましょう。

Don't Say

  • 朝ご飯を食べなくて学校に行った。(For 'without doing,' use ないで, not なくて — 食べないで) → 朝ご飯を食べないで学校に行った。
  • 帽子をかぶらないに外に出た。(The negative て-form uses で, not に — かぶらないで) → 帽子をかぶらないで外に出た。

Origin & History

Combines the negative auxiliary ない with the particle で, functioning as an alternative negative connective form. This construction became standard in the early modern period.

Cultural Context

Generation: All ages

Social background: Universal

Related Phrases

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