~までに (by)
Meaning
A particle that indicates a time limit or deadline by which an action must be completed. The action itself does not need to continue up to that point.
までに sets a deadline — the action must be finished at some point before the specified time. This contrasts sharply with まで, which implies continuity up to the end point. Compare: 三時まで待つ (wait until 3 — waiting continues) vs. 三時までに来てください (please come by 3 — arrive at any point before 3). The action with までに is typically punctual, not durative. It pairs with time nouns and verb dictionary forms: 授業が始まるまでに (by the time class starts).
Examples
- 金曜日までにレポートを出してください。 Please submit the report by Friday.
- 三時までに空港に着かないといけない。 I have to arrive at the airport by 3 o'clock.
- 授業が始まるまでに教室に入った。 I entered the classroom by the time class started.
Usage Guide
Context: spoken, written, everyday
Tone: descriptive
Do Say
- 明日までに返事をもらえますか。
- 出発するまでに荷物をまとめてね。
- 期限までに申し込まないと間に合わない。
Don't Say
- 金曜日まで出してください。(まで implies duration; for a deadline use までに) → 金曜日までに出してください。
- 三時までにずっと待っていた。(ずっと implies continuity — use まで, not までに) → 三時までずっと待っていた。
Origin & History
までに is a compound particle formed from まで (limit) and に (time/goal marker), crystallized as a deadline expression in early modern Japanese.
Cultural Context
Generation: All ages
Social background: Universal
Related Phrases
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