~しか~ない (nothing but, only)

Japanese Grammar Basic Japanese ★★★★★ 5/5 neutral しかshika
Reading しか
Romaji shika
Formation Noun + しか + Negative Verb / Counter + しか + Negative Verb

Meaning

A particle that marks an element X when nothing but X makes the expressed proposition true. It always requires a negative predicate and emphasizes limitation or insufficiency.

しか must always pair with a negative verb ending (ない, ません, etc.). It replaces the particles が and を but follows other particles like に, で, and と (e.g., 東京にしか行かない). The nuance of しか~ない typically implies that the amount or scope is less than expected or desired, conveying a sense of 'merely' or 'no more than.' This differentiates it from だけ, which is neutral and factual. For example, 千円だけある (I have just 1000 yen — neutral) versus 千円しかない (I have only 1000 yen — implying it is not enough). しか cannot be used with affirmative verbs.

Examples

  1. この町にはコンビニが一つしかない。 There is only one convenience store in this town.
  2. 今日は朝ごはんしか食べていません。 I have eaten nothing but breakfast today.
  3. 日本語は少ししかわかりません。 I understand only a little Japanese.

Usage Guide

Context: spoken, written, everyday

Tone: emphatic

Do Say

  • 財布に五百円しか入っていない。
  • この薬は病院でしか買えません。
  • 彼にしかできない仕事だ。
  • 一回しか会ったことがない。

Don't Say

  • 水しか飲みます。(しか always requires a negative verb — must use 飲みません) → 水しか飲みません。
  • 千円しかだけない。(しか and だけ cannot be combined — use one or the other) → 千円しかない。
  • ここしかでは買えない。(しか replaces で — use ここでしか買えない) → ここでしか買えない。

Origin & History

しか originated in classical Japanese as a demonstrative or referential particle. By the Edo period, it had established its modern function as a restrictive particle requiring negative predication.

Cultural Context

Generation: All ages

Social background: Universal

Related Phrases

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