~られる (potential)

Japanese Grammar Basic Japanese ★★★★ 4/5 neutral られるrareru
Reading られる
Romaji rareru
Formation Group 2: stem + られる / くる → こられる / Group 1: -u → -eru / する → できる

Meaning

Expresses ability or possibility, indicating that someone can do something or that something is possible. It is the potential form of Group 2 verbs and くる.

The potential form with られる applies to Group 2 (ichidan) verbs and くる, where the verb stem is followed by られる. For Group 1 (godan) verbs, the potential is formed by changing the final -u to -eru. In colloquial speech, ら抜き言葉 (ra-dropping) is widespread, where 食べられる becomes 食べれる, though this is considered incorrect in formal contexts. The potential form typically takes が rather than を for the direct object.

Examples

  1. 朝早く起きられない。 I can't wake up early in the morning.
  2. この魚は生で食べられますか。 Can this fish be eaten raw?
  3. 明日のパーティーに来られますか。 Can you come to tomorrow's party?

Usage Guide

Context: spoken, written, everyday

Tone: descriptive

Do Say

  • 納豆が食べられるようになりました。
  • 今日は早く帰れると思います。
  • ひらがなが読めるようになった。
  • 一人で出かけられるから大丈夫です。

Don't Say

  • 納豆を食べられる。(The potential form typically takes が for the object, not を) → 納豆が食べられる。
  • 明日来れますか。(ら抜き言葉 — colloquially common but grammatically 来られますか is standard) → 明日来られますか。
  • 漢字を読められる。(読む is Group 1 — the potential is 読める, not 読められる) → 漢字が読める。

Origin & History

The potential use of られる developed from the classical auxiliary る/らる, which originally expressed passive, potential, spontaneous, and honorific meanings.

Cultural Context

Generation: All ages

Social background: Universal

Related Phrases

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