~られる (potential)
Meaning
Expresses ability or possibility, indicating that someone can do something or that something is possible. It is the potential form of Group 2 verbs and くる.
The potential form with られる applies to Group 2 (ichidan) verbs and くる, where the verb stem is followed by られる. For Group 1 (godan) verbs, the potential is formed by changing the final -u to -eru. In colloquial speech, ら抜き言葉 (ra-dropping) is widespread, where 食べられる becomes 食べれる, though this is considered incorrect in formal contexts. The potential form typically takes が rather than を for the direct object.
Examples
- 朝早く起きられない。 I can't wake up early in the morning.
- この魚は生で食べられますか。 Can this fish be eaten raw?
- 明日のパーティーに来られますか。 Can you come to tomorrow's party?
Usage Guide
Context: spoken, written, everyday
Tone: descriptive
Do Say
- 納豆が食べられるようになりました。
- 今日は早く帰れると思います。
- ひらがなが読めるようになった。
- 一人で出かけられるから大丈夫です。
Don't Say
- 納豆を食べられる。(The potential form typically takes が for the object, not を) → 納豆が食べられる。
- 明日来れますか。(ら抜き言葉 — colloquially common but grammatically 来られますか is standard) → 明日来られますか。
- 漢字を読められる。(読む is Group 1 — the potential is 読める, not 読められる) → 漢字が読める。
Origin & History
The potential use of られる developed from the classical auxiliary る/らる, which originally expressed passive, potential, spontaneous, and honorific meanings.
Cultural Context
Generation: All ages
Social background: Universal
Related Phrases
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