~がる (showing signs)

Japanese Grammar Basic Japanese ★★★ 3/5 neutral がるgaru
Reading がる
Romaji garu
Formation い-Adj stem (drop い) + がる / ~たい stem (drop い) + がる

Meaning

An auxiliary verb suffix attached to psychological or physiological adjective stems to express that a third person is showing outward signs of that feeling or sensation. It translates as 'to show signs of' or 'to act as if.'

がる converts い-adjectives describing internal states (emotions, sensations) into verbs describing the external manifestation of those states in a third person. Japanese grammar restricts directly attributing internal feelings to others — you cannot say 彼は寂しい directly. Instead, がる is added to the adjective stem: 寂しがる (to show signs of loneliness). It conjugates as a Group 1 verb: がっている (ongoing state), がった (past). Common combinations include 欲しがる, 怖がる, 嫌がる, 恥ずかしがる. The ている form is especially frequent for describing someone's current emotional display. がる can occasionally be used for the speaker in an objective or self-deprecating tone.

Examples

  1. 子供が暗い部屋を怖がっている。 The child is showing fear of the dark room.
  2. 妹は新しいかばんを欲しがっている。 My younger sister is showing she wants a new bag.
  3. 犬が散歩に行きたがっている。 The dog is showing it wants to go for a walk.

Usage Guide

Context: spoken, written, everyday

Tone: descriptive

Do Say

  • 弟はいつもお菓子を食べたがる。
  • 彼女は虫を見ると怖がる。
  • 息子が一人で寝るのを嫌がっている。

Don't Say

  • 彼は寂しい。(Directly attributing an emotion to a third person is unnatural — use 寂しがっている to describe outward signs) → 彼は寂しがっている。
  • 私は怖がっている。(がる is for describing others — for yourself, use the plain adjective: 私は怖い) → 私は怖い。
  • 彼女は欲しいがっている。(Drop い from the adjective before adding がる: 欲しがっている) → 彼女は欲しがっている。

Origin & History

がる derives from the classical verb がる, an auxiliary meaning 'to appear as' or 'to act like.' It developed to bridge the grammatical restriction against directly attributing psychological states to third persons.

Cultural Context

Generation: All ages

Social background: Universal

Related Phrases

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