いかなる

Japanese Grammar Advanced Japanese ★★ 2/5 formal いかなるikanaru
Reading いかなる
Romaji ikanaru
Formation いかなる + Noun (+ であっても / があろうとも / でも)

Meaning

A formal noun modifier meaning 'what kind of' or 'no matter what,' used to question the nature of something or to express that a statement holds regardless of the specifics.

いかなる is a literary/formal adjective-like modifier that precedes nouns. It has two main uses: interrogative ('what kind of') and concessive ('no matter what kind of'). In the interrogative sense, いかなる理由で means 'for what reason.' In the concessive sense, いかなる困難があろうとも means 'no matter what difficulties arise.' The concessive use is far more common in modern Japanese and frequently appears with ~ても, ~であっても, or ~であろうと. It is a hallmark of formal prose, legal language, speeches, and written arguments. The everyday equivalent is どんな, which covers both senses in casual speech. いかなる carries a weighty, principled tone and is often used to express absolute or universal statements.

Examples

  1. いかなる理由があっても、暴力は許されない。 No matter what the reason, violence is not permitted.
  2. いかなる状況においても冷静さを失ってはならない。 One must not lose composure under any circumstances.
  3. いかなる困難に直面しようとも、信念を貫く覚悟がある。 I am prepared to uphold my convictions no matter what difficulties I face.

Usage Guide

Context: written, spoken, legal, academic

Tone: solemn

Do Say

  • いかなる手段を講じてでも、市民の安全を守らなければならない。
  • 研究者はいかなる圧力にも屈してはならない。
  • いかなる立場の人であっても、法の前では平等である。

Don't Say

  • いかなる楽しい映画を見た。(Using いかなる in a casual positive statement — it requires a concessive or interrogative context) → とても楽しい映画を見た。
  • いかなるも問題ない。(Using いかなる without a following noun — it must modify a noun) → いかなる問題も起こらなかった。

Origin & History

いかなる derives from the classical Japanese interrogative いか (how, what) combined with なる, the attributive form of the copula なり. It has been used since the Heian period in formal and literary registers.

Cultural Context

Generation: All ages

Social background: Universal

Related Phrases

Practice this on WordLoci

Flashcards, quizzes, audio pronunciation and spaced repetition