既然 (since)
Meaning
The conjunction 既然 (jìrán) means 'since' or 'given that,' introducing a known fact or established situation. It is followed by a suggestion, inference, or logical conclusion, often paired with 那, 就, or 那就 in the second clause.
既然 is used when the speaker treats the first clause as an accepted reality and draws a conclusion or makes a suggestion based on it. Unlike 因为 which simply states a cause, 既然 implies 'since this is already the case, then logically...' — the cause is presented as something both speaker and listener already know or agree upon. The second clause typically contains 那, 就, or 那就 to signal the logical consequence. Learners sometimes confuse 既然 with 因为; the key difference is that 既然 emphasizes an established fact that leads to a natural conclusion, while 因为 neutrally states a reason. 既然 is common in both spoken and written Chinese and is especially useful in persuasive or advisory contexts.
Examples
- 既然你已经决定了，那就别再犹豫了。 Since you've already decided, then don't hesitate any more.
- 既然大家都同意，我们就开始吧。 Since everyone agrees, let's get started.
- 既然外面下雨，我们就在家看电影吧。 Since it's raining outside, let's stay home and watch a movie.
Usage Guide
Context: spoken, written, everyday
Tone: reasoning
Do Say
- 既然你这么喜欢画画，那就去报一个班吧。
- 既然时间还早，我们先去喝杯咖啡吧。
- 既然他不想参加，就不要勉强他了。
Don't Say
- 既然明天会下雨。(既然 introduces a premise that requires a concluding clause — it cannot stand alone without a 那/就 clause) → 既然明天会下雨，那我们就改天再去吧。
- 既然我很饿，所以去吃饭了。(既然 pairs with 那/就, not 所以 — use 因为...所以 for simple cause-and-effect) → 既然我很饿，那就去吃饭吧。
Origin & History
The character 既 originally meant 'already' or 'finished' (depicting a person who has finished eating), and 然 means 'so' or 'thus.' Together, 既然 conveys the meaning of 'since it is already so,' establishing a premise for logical reasoning.
Cultural Context
Generation: All ages
Social background: Universal
Related Phrases
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