私自

• 병음: sī zì
• 한자 분석: 私 = 禾 + 厶 — private, personal; 自 = pictograph of a nose — self, from oneself

뜻

무단으로; 허가 없이

Carries a distinctly negative connotation — 私自 implies that an action was taken covertly or presumptuously, bypassing proper channels or authority. Frequently used in legal, military, and institutional contexts to describe prohibited unilateral behaviour. Contrasts with 擅自, which emphasises overstepping authority, while 私自 stresses secrecy or lack of consent.

예문

1. 士兵私自离开营地，违反了军队纪律，依规受到处分。
2. 她私自修改了合同条款，导致合作方对整个项目的诚信产生了质疑。
3. 这名员工私自将公司内部资料发送给竞争对手，已被依法追责。

사용 가이드

맥락: legal, institutional, discipline, formal writing

어조: critical

올바른 표현

• 任何人不得私自动用公款，否则将依照相关规定承担法律责任。(No one may use public funds without authorisation; violations will be subject to legal liability in accordance with relevant regulations.)
• 该工程师私自更改了系统核心参数，最终导致整条生产线停摆长达十二小时。(The engineer unilaterally altered core system parameters without permission, ultimately causing the entire production line to shut down for twelve hours.)

피해야 할 표현

• 不要将 私自 用于中性的自主行为 — 它有强烈的负面或批评含义；表示自发主动应改用 主动 或 自行

기원과 역사

私 (private, secret) + 自 (self, by oneself) — acting secretly on one's own; without authorisation

문화적 배경

세대: All ages

사회적 배경: Universal