更に

Japanese Grammar Advanced Japanese ★★★★ 4/5 neutral さらにsarani
Reading さらに
Romaji sarani
Formation さらに + Clause / さらに + Adjective / Verb
Kanji breakdown 更 (さら) = anew, further, again

Meaning

An adverb and conjunction meaning 'furthermore,' 'additionally,' or 'even more,' used to indicate that something is being added to or escalated beyond what was already mentioned. It can express both addition and intensification.

さらに (更に) serves a dual function: as an additive conjunction ('furthermore, in addition') and as an intensifying adverb ('even more, still further'). When used additively, it introduces a new point that extends the previous statement, similar to 加えて but with a stronger sense of escalation. When used as an intensifier, it modifies verbs or adjectives to express a higher degree. It is versatile across registers, appearing in casual conversation as well as formal writing. Compared to その上, さらに carries a more dynamic, progressive nuance — each additional point raises the stakes. In academic and journalistic writing, it often structures arguments by layering evidence.

Examples

  1. 交通渋滞に巻き込まれ、さらに電車まで遅延していた。 I was caught in traffic, and on top of that, the train was delayed too.
  2. 研究チームは新たなデータを収集し、さらに分析手法も改良した。 The research team collected new data and furthermore improved the analytical methods.
  3. 物価が上昇し、さらに税負担も増える見通しだ。 Prices are rising, and the tax burden is expected to increase further.

Usage Guide

Context: spoken, written, everyday

Tone: escalating

Do Say

  • 人口減少が続いており、さらに高齢化も加速している。
  • 初回の実験は成功した。さらに精度を上げるため、条件を変えて再実験を行う。
  • 彼は営業成績が優秀で、さらに後輩の指導にも熱心だ。

Don't Say

  • さらに、私は田中です。(Using さらに to introduce oneself with no prior context) → 私は田中です。さらに申し上げますと、本プロジェクトの責任者を務めております。
  • りんごを買った。さらに、帰宅した。(Using さらに for simple chronological sequencing without escalation or addition) → りんごを買った。さらに、特売だったのでみかんも箱で購入した。

Origin & History

さらに derives from the adjective 更 (さら), meaning 'new' or 'renewed.' The adverbial form さらに originally meant 'anew' or 'afresh' and gradually developed the modern meanings of 'furthermore' and 'even more' through natural semantic expansion.

Cultural Context

Generation: All ages

Social background: Universal

Related Phrases

また An adverb and conjunction meaning 'also,' 'again,' or 'moreover,' used to indicate repetition of an action or addition of a new but related point. It is one of the most versatile connectors in Japanese. さて An interjection or conjunction used to shift the topic of conversation or mark a transition to a new subject. It signals that the speaker is moving on from the current discussion to address something different or to begin the main point. ただ A conjunction meaning 'however' or 'but,' used to introduce a supplementary remark, reservation, or minor qualification to the preceding statement. It softens the contrast compared to しかし or だが. ちなみに A conjunction meaning 'by the way' or 'incidentally,' used to add supplementary or tangential information related to the current topic. It connects the preceding context with an additional piece of information the speaker considers relevant or interesting. あるいは A conjunction meaning 'or,' 'alternatively,' or 'possibly,' used to present alternatives or to suggest another possibility. It connects two or more options, choices, or hypotheses within a sentence or across sentences. もしくは A conjunction meaning 'or,' used to disjunctively connect two items, ideas, or conditions. It presents mutually exclusive alternatives in a formal or official context. もっとも A conjunction meaning 'although,' 'having said that,' or 'though,' used to add a comment that partially retracts, qualifies, or puts into perspective what the speaker has just said. It acknowledges the validity of the preceding statement while introducing a counterbalancing consideration. 且つ・かつ A conjunction meaning 'and' or 'as well as,' used to connect words, phrases, or sentences to indicate that two qualities, conditions, or actions coexist simultaneously. It emphasises that both elements apply at the same time.
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