に-Based Expressions

Introduction

The particle に forms the basis for many advanced grammatical expressions. These patterns express correspondence, basis, extent, and response — the language of analysis and formal reasoning.

They appear frequently in academic writing, legal documents, and business Japanese.

Themes

All Japanese Grammar Advanced in This Chapter (20)

1. ～にいたっては にいたっては A compound particle used to single out an extreme case from a group of examples. It means 'as for (the extreme case of)' or 'when it come...
2. ～にかたくない・に難くない にかたくない A phrase meaning 'it is not hard to (imagine/guess/understand).' It expresses that something can easily be inferred or imagined from the ...
3. ～にしたところで にしたところで A compound particle meaning 'even for' or 'even from the standpoint of.' It indicates that a particular conclusion holds true even when c...
4. ～にして (time/stage) にして A compound particle indicating a particular period, age, or stage in life at which something notable occurs. It means 'at (the age/stage ...
5. ～にして (and) にして A conjunction meaning 'and' or 'while being,' used to connect two noun phrases or な-adjective phrases to describe a single entity that po...
6. ～にしてからが にしてからが A compound particle indicating that if something unexpected is true even for a prominent or representative example, then it is all the mo...
7. ～にしても にしても A conjunction meaning 'even if,' 'even though,' or 'granting that.' It acknowledges a premise and then introduces a consequence, judgment...
8. ～にしろ・にせよ にしろ・にせよ A conjunctive phrase expressing concession, meaning 'even if,' 'whether...or,' or 'granting that.' It presents a hypothetical or acknowle...
9. ～につけ につけ A conjunction meaning 'whenever' or 'each time.' It indicates that every time the speaker perceives or encounters something, a particular...
10. ～にとどまらず にとどまらず A phrase meaning 'not limited to' or 'going beyond.' It indicates that something exceeds a certain boundary, scope, or expectation and ex...
11. ～にひきかえ にひきかえ A phrase used to indicate a sharp contrast between two things. It means 'in stark contrast to' or 'unlike,' emphasizing the difference be...
12. ～によらず によらず A compound particle meaning 'regardless of' or 'without depending on.' It indicates that the outcome or statement holds true irrespective...
13. ～によると・によれば によると A compound particle used to identify the source of information being reported. It means 'according to' and introduces hearsay or reported...
14. ～にわたって・にわたる にわたって A compound particle indicating that something takes place over or spans a particular extent of time, space, or range. It means 'over,' 's...
15. ～に向けて・に向けた にむけて A compound particle indicating the destination, direction, or target of an action. に向けて means 'aimed at' or 'toward' (adverbial), while に...
16. ～に応じて・に応じた におうじて A compound particle meaning 'in response to,' 'in accordance with,' or 'depending on.' It indicates that something adjusts, varies, or co...
17. ～に決まっている にきまっている A phrase expressing the speaker's strong conviction or certainty about something. It means 'it is certain that,' 'there is no doubt that,...
18. ～に越したことはない にこしたことはない A phrase meaning 'nothing is better than' or 'it would be best to.' It expresses that a certain state or action is the most desirable, th...
19. ～に/ともなると ともなると A phrase used when something or some situation is perceived as reaching a special or significant level. It means 'when it comes to (somet...
20. ～に（も）なく にもなく A phrase meaning that something unusual happens or someone does something out of character. It is often used in the set form ～にもなく to mea...