Compound Particles

Introduction

Advanced compound particles express precise relationships found in formal writing, news, and academic texts. These multi-word particles are hallmarks of sophisticated Japanese.

Mastering them is essential for reading newspapers and understanding formal speeches.

Themes

All Japanese Grammar Advanced in This Chapter (14)

1. ～からして からして A phrase used to single out a specific element for emphasis, implying that if even this element is the case, then everything else follows...
2. ～からには からには A subordinate conjunction meaning 'now that' or 'since.' It expresses strong resolve or obligation that follows logically from a situatio...
3. ～から言って からいって A phrase meaning 'in terms of' or 'judging from.' It introduces a basis or perspective from which the speaker makes an evaluation or judg...
4. ～からなる からなる A phrase indicating that something consists of or is composed of multiple members, parts, or constituents. It is a formal way of saying '...
5. ～をめぐって・めぐる をめぐって A compound particle meaning 'concerning' or 'over.' It is used with controversial issues, disputes, or topics around which various opinio...
6. ～をものともせず をものともせず A phrase meaning 'in spite of' or 'undaunted by.' It indicates that someone does something bravely or fearlessly despite unfavorable cond...
7. ～をよそに をよそに A compound particle expressing someone's indifference to warnings, criticism, expectations, or the concerns of others. It means 'ignoring...
8. ～を中心に をちゅうしんに A phrase meaning 'with something or someone at the centre' or 'centred around.' It indicates that something serves as the focal point or ...
9. ～を介して / ～を介した をかいして A compound particle that introduces a medium, intermediary, or channel through which someone does something. It means 'through' or 'via.'
10. ～を問わず をとわず A compound particle meaning 'regardless of' or 'irrespective of.' It indicates that something applies universally without questioning or ...
11. ～を禁じ得ない をきんじえない A phrase meaning 'cannot help but feel' or 'cannot suppress.' It is used when one cannot control strong emotions or reactions caused by s...
12. ～をおいてほかに（は）～ない をおいてほかに A phrase meaning 'there is nothing/no one else besides X' or 'X is the only one.' It is used to strongly assert that X is uniquely qualif...
13. ～にかかわらず にかかわらず A compound particle meaning 'regardless of' or 'irrespective of.' It indicates that the result or situation remains the same no matter wh...
14. ～にかけては にかけては A compound particle that marks something in which someone excels or has confidence. It means 'when it comes to' and implies superiority o...