苦难

• Pinyin: kǔ nàn
• Desglose de hanzi: 苦 = bitter; 难 = 又 (again) + 隹 (bird) — difficulty

Significado

Sufrimiento; penurias; tribulación.

A more literary and profound term than simple 苦. Often used to describe collective or historical suffering, personal ordeals, or philosophical reflections on human condition. Common in literature and serious discourse.

Ejemplos

1. 战争给人民带来了深重的苦难。
2. 经历过苦难的人往往更懂得珍惜生活。
3. 她的一生充满了苦难，但她从未放弃希望。

Guía de uso

Contexto: literature, history, philosophy

Tono: solemn

Correcto

• 苦难磨练了他的意志。(Suffering tempered his will.)
• 不要忘记过去的苦难。(Don't forget the suffering of the past.)

Incorrecto

• 用苦难形容小困难，如'考试的苦难'。(Don't use 苦难 for minor difficulties — it's for serious, prolonged suffering; use 困难 instead)

Origen e historia

Compound of 苦 (bitter/suffering) + 难 (difficulty/hardship). Together expressing intense suffering.

Contexto cultural

Generación: All ages

Contexto social: Universal