样本

• 拼音: yàng běn
• 汉字拆解: 样 = 木 (wood/tree) + 羊 (phonetic — originally naming a type of oak, then extended to mean type or kind); 本 = 木 (tree) with a mark at the root — the root, origin, or foundational unit

含义

Sample; specimen; a representative unit drawn from a larger group for study, testing, or reference. Used in statistics, science, medicine, and research.

Central to quantitative research: 随机样本 (random sample), 代表性样本 (representative sample), 样本量 (sample size), 样本误差 (sampling error), 扩大样本 (to increase the sample). Also used metaphorically: 这个城市是中国经济转型的样本 (this city is a specimen/microcosm of China's economic transition).

例句

1. 研究人员从全国十二个省份随机抽取了五千名受访者作为调查样本，以确保数据在全国范围内具有较高的代表性。
2. 实验室收到一批来自疫区的血液样本后，立即启动了紧急检测程序，争分夺秒地对每份样本进行病毒核酸筛查。
3. 这座小城因其独特的产业结构和人口构成，常常被社会学研究者选作观察中国城镇化进程的典型样本。

用法指南

语境: science, statistics, medicine, research

语气: neutral

正确说法

• 在进行大规模流行病学调查时，样本的随机性和代表性是保证研究结论准确可靠、具有推广意义的最基本前提。(When conducting large-scale epidemiological surveys, the randomness and representativeness of the sample are the most fundamental prerequisites for ensuring that research conclusions are accurate, reliable, and generalisable.)
• 由于样本量过小且来源单一，这项研究的结论存在较大的局限性，难以对更大范围的人群或环境进行有效的外推与推论。(Because the sample size was too small and drawn from a single source, the conclusions of this study have significant limitations and are difficult to extrapolate effectively to broader populations or environments.)

错误说法

• 给我看个样品 — 样品 (sample product) and 样本 (research/statistical sample) are distinct; 样品 is a physical product specimen for inspection or display; 样本 is a unit drawn from a population for analysis; do not conflate them

起源与历史

样 (sample/pattern — 木 wood + 羊 sheep, originally a type of oak; extended to mean 'type/kind/sample') + 本 (root/origin/source — 木 tree with a mark at the root)

文化背景

时代: Modern

世代: All ages

社会背景: Universal