Abstract Concepts

Introduction

N2 pushes abstract Japanese much further than N3. This chapter gathers the conceptual vocabulary you need for argument, analysis, systems, institutions, and the kind of reading that expects you to follow ideas rather than concrete scenes.

Because abstract words recur across essays, news, lectures, and formal discussion, mastering this set pays off everywhere in upper-intermediate Japanese.

Themes

All JLPT N2 Vocabulary in This Chapter (779)

1. アイコン アイコン Icon; a small pictorial symbol on a screen or interface.
2. 相性 あいしょう Affinity; compatibility; chemistry between people or things.
3. 秋の訪れ あきのおとずれ The coming of autumn; the arrival of fall.
4. 悪循環 あくじゅんかん Vicious circle; vicious cycle.
5. アシスタント アシスタント Assistant; a person who helps or supports someone in their work.
6. 斡旋する あっせんする To mediate; to arrange; to act as a go-between; to fix up.
7. 圧倒 あっとう Overwhelm; overpower; crush; dominate completely.
8. 後回し あとまわし Putting off; postponing; deferring to later.
9. アピール アピール Appeal; plea; to promote oneself or highlight a strength.
10. アフターサービス アフターサービス After-sales service; warranty service; post-purchase support.
11. 網棚 あみだな Overhead luggage rack on a train or bus.
12. 過ち あやまち Fault; error; mistake; indiscretion; faux pas.
13. 粗筋 あらすじ Outline; summary; synopsis; plot summary.
14. アルカリ アルカリ Alkali; a chemical base that neutralizes acids.
15. 安価 あんか Cheap; inexpensive; low-priced.
16. アンケートの集計 アンケートのしゅうけい Survey tabulation; tallying of questionnaire results.
17. 安静 あんせい Rest; restfulness; keeping quiet and still for recovery.
18. 行き違い いきちがい Crossing without meeting; miscommunication; going astray.
19. 育成 いくせい Rearing; training; nurturing; cultivation; development.
20. 意向 いこう Intention; inclination; wish; view.
21. 礎 いしずえ Foundation stone; cornerstone; basis; groundwork.
22. 偉人 いじん Great person; eminent figure; distinguished individual.
23. 遺跡 いせき Archaeological remains; ruins; relics; historic site.
24. 依存 いぞん Dependence; reliance; dependency.
25. 委託 いたく Entrusting; consignment; commission; outsourcing.
26. 一因 いちいん One cause; one factor; a contributing reason.
27. 一人前 いちにんまえ One portion; one serving; also, a full-fledged adult or professional.
28. 一面 いちめん One face; one side; one aspect. Also, a whole surface or expanse.
29. 一括 いっかつ Lumping together; bundling; batch processing; all at once.
30. 一環 いっかん A link in a chain; part of a larger plan, campaign, or series of activities.
31. 一式 いっしき A complete set; a full kit; an outfit; a suite of items.
32. 一致団結 いっちだんけつ Solidarity; banding together as one for a common cause; united action.
33. 一票の格差 いっぴょうのかくさ Vote-value disparity; the unequal weight of votes across different electoral districts.
34. 異動する いどうする To transfer; to be reassigned to a different position or department.
35. 未だに いまだに Still; as yet; even now; to this day.
36. 嫌がらせ いやがらせ Harassment; pestering; bullying; deliberate annoyance.
37. 威力 いりょく Power; might; force; authority; influential strength.
38. 色気 いろけ Colouring; shade of colour. Also, sex appeal; charm; allure.
39. 異論 いろん A different opinion; an objection; a dissenting view.
40. 因子 いんし Factor; an element that contributes to a result or condition.
41. 引退表明 いんたいひょうめい Retirement announcement; a public declaration of retirement.
42. イントネーション イントネーション Intonation; the rise and fall of pitch in speech.
43. 内訳 うちわけ Breakdown; itemisation; classification of expenses or components.
44. 運河 うんが Canal; a man-made navigable waterway.
45. 運休 うんきゅう Suspension of service; cancellation of a transportation service.
46. 運行する うんこうする To operate; to run (a transportation service); to be in service.
47. 運搬する うんぱんする To transport; to carry; to convey goods or materials.
48. 運輸 うんゆ Transportation; conveyance; transport of goods and passengers.
49. 運用する うんようする To manage; to operate; to put to practical use; to invest (funds).
50. 閲覧 えつらん Inspection; reading; perusal; viewing of documents or web pages.
51. 閲覧コーナー えつらんこーなー Reading corner; a designated area in a library or public facility for browsing materials.
52. 獲物 えもの Prey; catch; game; something hunted or captured.
53. 沿岸 えんがん Coast; shore; coastal area along a body of water.
54. 演奏形態 えんそうけいたい Music performance type; the format or style in which music is performed.
55. 延長 えんちょう Extension; prolongation; the act of extending time, length, or a deadline.
56. 延長する えんちょうする To extend; to prolong; to lengthen a period, deadline, or physical distance.
57. 嘔吐 おうと Vomiting; emesis; the act of throwing up.
58. 大柄な おおがらな Large build; big-framed; tall and solidly built.
59. 奥行き おくゆき Depth; the distance from front to back of an object or space.
60. お使いを頼む おつかいをたのむ To send someone on an errand; to ask someone to run an errand.
61. オペラ オペラ Opera; a dramatic art form combining singing, orchestral music, and theatrical performance.
62. おまけ おまけ A free extra; bonus item; something thrown in with a purchase; freebie.
63. 思惑 おもわく Expectation; anticipation; speculation; ulterior motive or hidden calculation.
64. 織物 おりもの Textile; woven fabric; cloth produced by weaving.
65. 会員特典 かいいんとくてん Member privilege; membership benefit; exclusive perk for members.
66. 会員名簿 かいいんめいぼ Membership list; member register; a directory of members in an organisation.
67. 外観 がいかん Outward appearance; exterior; external looks of a building, object, or person.
68. 外交官 がいこうかん Diplomat; a person who represents their country in foreign affairs.
69. 介護する かいごする To provide nursing care; to look after someone who is elderly or disabled.
70. 介護福祉士 かいごふくしし Certified care worker; a nationally licensed professional who provides nursing care.
71. 解釈する かいしゃくする To interpret; to construe; to explain the meaning of something.
72. 回収する かいしゅうする To collect; to recover; to retrieve; to recall defective products.
73. 改正する かいせいする To amend; to revise; to reform a law, regulation, or official document.
74. 開拓する かいたくする To pioneer; to develop new land, markets, or frontiers.
75. 害虫 がいちゅう Pest; harmful insect; vermin that damages crops, gardens, or structures.
76. 改定する かいていする To revise; to amend an official standard, regulation, or price.
77. 改訂版 かいていばん Revised edition; an updated version of a book, manual, or document.
78. 該当 がいとう Applicable; corresponding to a specific category, condition, or requirement.
79. 該当箇所 がいとうかしょ Relevant section; the specific part or passage that applies to a given matter.
80. 回答する かいとうする To reply; to give a formal answer or response to a question or survey.
81. 介入する かいにゅうする To intervene; to step into a situation to influence or mediate the outcome.
82. 怪物 かいぶつ Monster; a fearsome creature, or a person of extraordinary ability or power.
83. 解明 かいめい Elucidation; the act of clarifying, solving, or unravelling a mystery or problem.
84. 概要 がいよう Outline; summary; a brief overview of the main points of a topic or document.
85. かかと かかと Heel; the back part of the foot or the bottom rear portion of a shoe.
86. カギ括弧 かぎかっこ Japanese quotation marks (「 」); angular brackets used in Japanese writing for dialogue and quotations.
87. 核心 かくしん Core; the heart or crux of a matter, issue, or problem.
88. 革新的な かくしんてきな Innovative; groundbreaking and introducing new methods, ideas, or technologies.
89. 革新派 かくしんは Reformist group; a faction that advocates for progressive change and innovation.
90. 獲得する かくとくする To acquire; to gain or win something through effort, competition, or achievement.
91. 楽譜 がくふ Sheet music; a written or printed musical score.
92. 崖 がけ Cliff; a steep rock face or precipice.
93. 可決する かけつする To pass a bill; to approve a proposal or legislation by vote.
94. 過失 かしつ Negligence; an accidental error or fault, often carrying legal implications.
95. 果実 かじつ Fruit; the edible product of a plant, also used figuratively for the results of effort.
96. 火星 かせい Mars; the fourth planet from the sun, known for its reddish appearance.
97. 価値観 かちかん Values; one's sense of values or personal value system that guides judgements and behaviour.
98. 合宿する がっしゅくする To hold a training camp; to stay together for intensive practice or study.
99. 合唱 がっしょう Chorus; singing together in unison or harmony as a group.
100. 合致 がっち Agreement; conformity or exact correspondence between two things.
101. 合併する がっぺいする To merge; to amalgamate; to consolidate two entities into one.
102. カテゴリ カテゴリ Category; a class or division used for classification.
103. カプセル カプセル Capsule; a small sealed container, especially for medicine or enclosing something.
104. 髪をいじる かみをいじる To fiddle with one's hair; to play with or touch hair repeatedly.
105. 加盟する かめいする To join; to become a member of an organization or alliance.
106. カメラマン カメラマン Photographer; cameraman; someone who operates a camera professionally.
107. 痒み かゆみ Itch; itching; an uncomfortable skin sensation that makes you want to scratch.
108. ガラス職人 ガラスしょくにん Glass artisan; a skilled craftsperson who works with glass.
109. 簡易な かんいな Simple; simplified; makeshift; basic in construction or procedure.
110. 簡易ベッド かんいベッド Cot; camp bed; a simple, portable, or temporary bed.
111. 看貫 かんかん Weighing; platform scales; a large scale used for measuring heavy objects.
112. 干渉 かんしょう Interference; intervention; meddling in others' affairs.
113. 観点 かんてん Point of view; viewpoint; standpoint; perspective.
114. 幹部 かんぶ Executive; management; leaders; top brass of an organization.
115. 勘弁 かんべん Pardon; forgiveness; forbearance; giving someone a break.
116. 勧誘 かんゆう Solicitation; invitation; canvassing; persuasion to join or buy something.
117. 戯曲 ぎきょく Drama; play; a written theatrical work meant to be performed on stage.
118. 帰結 きけつ Consequence; result; conclusion; an outcome that follows logically from a cause.
119. 棄権する きけんする To withdraw; to abstain; to forfeit one's right to participate.
120. 機種 きしゅ Model; type of machine or device; a specific make and model.
121. 犠牲 ぎせい Sacrifice; something given up or lost for a greater cause or purpose.
122. 規制する きせいする To restrict; to regulate; to control through rules or laws.
123. 北半球 きたはんきゅう Northern hemisphere; the half of the Earth north of the equator.
124. 規定する きていする To regulate; to stipulate; to provide for in rules or law.
125. 起点 きてん Starting point; origin; the point from which something begins.
126. 起動 きどう Startup; booting up; activation. The act of starting a machine, engine, or software.
127. 規範 きはん Model; standard; norm. A criterion or pattern that serves as a guide for behaviour or judgement.
128. 基盤 きばん Base; foundation; infrastructure. The fundamental structure on which something is built.
129. 起伏 きふく Undulation; ups and downs. Variations in height of terrain or fluctuations in events.
130. 疑問視 ぎもんし Doubting; questioning; viewing with scepticism.
131. 疑問点 ぎもんてん Point of uncertainty; unclarified issue; a specific doubt or question.
132. 逆ギレする ぎゃくぎれする To get angry at someone despite being in the wrong oneself; to turn the tables with misplaced anger.
133. 脚本 きゃくほん Script; screenplay; scenario. A written text for a play, film, or broadcast.
134. 脚本家 きゃくほんか Scriptwriter; playwright; screenwriter. A person who writes scripts for film, theatre, or television.
135. 救援 きゅうえん Relief; rescue. Providing assistance to those in distress or danger.
136. 救済 きゅうさい Relief; aid; rescue. Helping someone out of suffering or difficulty.
137. 救出 きゅうしゅつ Rescue; extraction. Physically saving someone from a dangerous situation.
138. 急性胃炎 きゅうせいいえん Acute gastritis. A sudden inflammation of the stomach lining.
139. 急な斜面 きゅうなしゃめん Steep slope; steep incline. A sharply angled surface of terrain.
140. 旧約聖書 きゅうやくせいしょ Old Testament. The first part of the Christian Bible, also sacred in Judaism.
141. 強行する きょうこうする To push through; to force through. To carry out something despite opposition or difficult conditions.
142. 共産主義 きょうさんしゅぎ Communism. A political and economic ideology advocating collective ownership of production.
143. 郷愁 きょうしゅう Nostalgia; homesickness. A longing for one's homeland or the past.
144. 強制する きょうせいする To force; to compel; to coerce. Making someone do something against their will.
145. 協調性 きょうちょうせい Cooperativeness; team spirit. The quality of being able to work harmoniously with others.
146. 脅迫 きょうはく Threat; menace; coercion; blackmail. Intimidating someone to force compliance.
147. 共鳴 きょうめい Resonance. A physical vibration phenomenon; also, sympathising deeply with an idea or feeling.
148. 共有 きょうゆう Sharing; joint ownership; co-ownership. Possessing or using something together with others.
149. 局面 きょくめん Phase; situation; aspect. A particular stage or state of affairs in a developing situation.
150. 許容 きょよう Permission; tolerance; acceptance. Allowing or accepting something within certain limits.
151. 切れ目 きれめ A gap, break, or rift; a point where something is cut or divided.
152. 均衡 きんこう Balance; equilibrium; a state where opposing forces are equal.
153. 吟味 ぎんみ Close examination; careful investigation; thorough scrutiny or selection.
154. 禁物 きんもつ Something that should be carefully avoided; a no-no; a forbidden thing.
155. 苦心 くしん Great pains; hard work; painstaking effort to achieve something.
156. 苦難 くなん Suffering; distress; hardship; a trial or tribulation.
157. 首筋 くびすじ The nape of the neck; the back or side of the neck.
158. 区分 くぶん Division; section; classification; the act of dividing into categories.
159. ぐるみ ぐるみ Including everything; -wide; together with the whole of something.
160. 警戒 けいかい Vigilance; caution; alertness; being on guard against danger.
161. 敬虔 けいけん Devout; pious; deeply reverent in religious faith or spiritual matters.
162. 軽視 けいし Making light of something; belittling; dismissing as unimportant.
163. 形式 けいしき Form; format; formality; outward appearance as opposed to substance.
164. 警備員 けいびいん A security guard; a person employed to protect or watch over a place.
165. 警報 けいほう A warning; an alarm; an official alert about danger.
166. 激励 げきれい Strong encouragement; urging someone on; inspiring greater effort.
167. 下駄箱 げたばこ A shoe rack or shoe cupboard placed at the entrance of a building.
168. 決意 けつい A firm decision; determination; resolution to do something.
169. 欠員 けついん A vacant position; a vacancy; an unfilled opening in an organisation.
170. 結合 けつごう Combination; union; joining together; coupling of separate elements.
171. 欠航 けっこう Cancellation of a scheduled flight, ship, or train service.
172. 欠如 けつじょ Lack; absence; deficiency of something essential.
173. 決勝 けっしょう The finals; the final round or match that decides the winner of a competition.
174. 結成 けっせい Formation; the act of forming or organising a group or organisation.
175. 結束 けっそく Union; unity; solidarity; banding together for a common purpose.
176. 決断 けつだん Decision; determination. A firm, resolute choice made after careful thought.
177. 下痢 げり Diarrhoea. A common medical term for loose or watery bowel movements.
178. 権威 けんい Authority; power; influence; prestige. The recognised expertise or commanding influence in a field.
179. 圏外 けんがい Outside a region or area; out of range (of a mobile network, radar, etc.); out of contention.
180. 検証する けんしょうする To verify; to inspect; to examine evidence or claims through careful investigation.
181. 建造する けんぞうする To build; to construct. Used for large-scale structures such as ships, buildings, or bridges.
182. 見地 けんち Point of view; viewpoint; standpoint. A position from which something is considered or evaluated.
183. 建築士 けんちくし Licensed architect; registered architect. A professionally certified building designer.
184. 建築様式 けんちくようしき Architectural style. The characteristic design approach of a building or era of construction.
185. 原本 げんぽん Original document; original copy; the authentic source text or manuscript.
186. 倹約する けんやくする To economise; to be frugal; to tighten one's belt. Deliberately spending less and saving money.
187. 原理 げんり Principle; fundamental truth; underlying theory that governs how something works.
188. 公安 こうあん Public peace; public safety; public security. Also refers to the public security police.
189. 好意 こうい Kindness; favour; goodwill; friendliness. A warm, positive feeling towards someone.
190. 攻撃する こうげきする To attack; to assault; to launch an offensive against a target.
191. 講座 こうざ Course; lecture series; a structured educational programme on a specific topic.
192. 交際費 こうさいひ Entertainment expenses; socialising costs. Money spent on business entertainment or social obligations.
193. 考察する こうさつする To investigate; to examine; to consider carefully. A thorough, analytical examination of a topic.
194. 口実 こうじつ Excuse; pretext. A reason given to justify an action, often not the true reason.
195. 交渉する こうしょうする To negotiate; to bargain; to conduct discussions to reach an agreement.
196. 香辛料 こうしんりょう Spice; spices; condiment. Aromatic seasonings used in cooking.
197. 降水量 こうすいりょう Amount of precipitation; rainfall. The measured volume of rain, snow, or other precipitation.
198. 功績 こうせき Achievement; meritorious deed; distinguished service; notable contribution.
199. 抗争 こうそう Rivalry; feud; conflict; struggle; strife. An ongoing dispute or power struggle between groups.
200. 拘束する こうそくする To restrain; to detain; to bind; to restrict someone's freedom of movement or action.
201. 交替する こうたいする To take turns; to take somebody's place; to alternate or rotate duties.
202. 構築する こうちくする To construct; to build; to establish a system, structure, or framework.
203. 鋼鉄 こうてつ Steel; a strong alloy of iron and carbon used in construction and manufacturing.
204. 口頭試験 こうとうしけん Oral examination; a test conducted through spoken questions and answers rather than writing.
205. 口頭で注意する こうとうでちゅういする To warn verbally; to give a spoken caution or reprimand rather than a written one.
206. 購入 こうにゅう Purchase; buying; the act of acquiring goods or services by paying for them.
207. 交付する こうふする To deliver; to issue; to grant officially, especially documents or certificates from an authority.
208. 公募する こうぼする To seek publicly; to solicit applications from the general public; to make an open call.
209. 公約する こうやくする To pledge; to make a public promise or commitment, especially in politics.
210. 公理 こうり Axiom; maxim; a self-evident truth accepted as a foundation for reasoning.
211. 効力 こうりょく Effect; efficacy; validity; the power of something to produce a result.
212. 小柄 こがら Small build; petite; of small stature or frame.
213. 顧客名簿 こきゃくめいぼ Customer mailing list; customer register; a list of clients and their details.
214. 国際紛争 こくさいふんそう International dispute; a conflict or disagreement between nations.
215. 国際連合 こくさいれんごう United Nations; the international organisation established in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation.
216. 国土 こくど Country; territory; the land area belonging to a nation; domain or realm.
217. 国連 こくれん United Nations; UN; the common abbreviation for 国際連合.
218. 心配り こころくばり Exerting care; attention; consideration; thoughtfulness towards others.
219. 志 こころざし Will; resolution; intention; ambition; aim; a deeply held aspiration or goal.
220. 誤差 ごさ Measurement error; calculation error; the difference between an observed value and the true value.
221. 孤児院 こじいん Orphanage; an institution that houses and cares for children who have lost their parents.
222. 個性 こせい Individuality; personality; a unique or distinctive character trait that sets someone or something apart.
223. 誇張 こちょう Exaggeration; overstating something beyond what is accurate or true.
224. 国交 こっこう Diplomatic relations; the official relationship between nations.
225. 骨子 こっし Main point; gist; essentials; the core framework or skeleton of an idea or plan.
226. 事柄 ことがら Matter; thing; affair; circumstance.
227. コネ コネ Connection; pull; personal contacts used to gain advantage.
228. 孤立 こりつ Isolation; being cut off; standing alone without allies or support.
229. 根気 こんき Patience; perseverance; persistence; tenacity.
230. 根拠 こんきょ Basis; grounds; foundation; evidence supporting a claim.
231. 根源 こんげん Root; source; origin; fundamental cause of something.
232. コンサルタント コンサルタント Consultant; a professional who provides expert advice in a specialised field.
233. 混同 こんどう Confusion; mixing up; conflating two distinct things.
234. 再起動 さいきどう Restart; reboot; rebooting a device or system.
235. 採択 さいたく Adoption; selection; formal acceptance of a proposal or resolution.
236. 採点方式 さいてんほうしき Grading method; scoring system; the way points or marks are assigned.
237. 先延ばし さきのばし Delay; putting off; procrastination.
238. 作戦 さくせん Tactics; strategy; a plan of action for achieving a goal.
239. 指図 さしず Directions; instructions; orders; commands given to someone.
240. 差出人 さしだしにん Sender; the person who sends mail, a package, or a message.
241. 挫折 ざせつ Setback; frustration; being daunted; giving up partway through.
242. 刷新 さっしん Reform; renewal; a thorough overhaul to make something new again.
243. 寒気 さむけ Chill; the shivers; a shivering sensation, often from illness or fear.
244. 懺悔 ざんげ Repentance; confession; penitence for one's sins or wrongdoings.
245. 産出 さんしゅつ Production; output; yielding natural resources or products.
246. 参照 さんしょう Reference; consultation; looking something up for comparison or information.
247. 飼育 しいく Breeding; rearing; raising and caring for animals.
248. シーン シーン Scene; a particular part of a movie, play, or situation.
249. 潮が引く しおがひく The tide goes out; the tide ebbs; used figuratively for things fading away.
250. 自我 じが Ego; the self; one's sense of individual identity.
251. 紫外線 しがいせん Ultraviolet rays; UV radiation. Commonly discussed in relation to sun protection and skincare.
252. じきに じきに Soon; before long; shortly. Indicates something will happen in the near future.
253. 仕切り役 しきりやく Leader; organiser; the person who takes charge and manages proceedings.
254. 軸 じく Axis; shaft; axle; core principle or central focus.
255. 事項 じこう Matter; item; point; facts. Used to refer to specific items in lists or documents.
256. 試行錯誤 しこうさくご Trial and error. The process of learning through repeated attempts and mistakes.
257. 施行する しこうする To enforce; to put into effect; to implement a law or regulation.
258. 自己管理 じこかんり Self-management; self-discipline; taking care of oneself independently.
259. 自己主張 じこしゅちょう Self-assertion; expressing one's own opinions and desires clearly.
260. 自己分析 じこぶんせき Self-analysis; examining one's own strengths, weaknesses, and characteristics.
261. 示唆する しさする To suggest; to imply; to hint at something without stating it directly.
262. 視察 しさつ Inspection; observation tour; on-site visit to examine conditions.
263. 資産運用 しさんうんよう Asset management; investing and managing financial assets to grow wealth.
264. 資産家 しさんか Wealthy person; person of means; someone who possesses significant assets.
265. 自首する じしゅする To turn oneself in; to surrender to the police voluntarily.
266. 思春期 ししゅんき Puberty; adolescence. The developmental period between childhood and adulthood.
267. 自然淘汰 しぜんとうた Natural selection; the process by which the unfit are naturally eliminated.
268. 下請けする したうけする To subcontract; to take on work outsourced from a larger company.
269. 下地 したじ Groundwork; foundation; base; underlying preparation.
270. 自治 じち Self-government; autonomy; governing oneself without outside control.
271. 視聴する しちょうする To watch and listen; to view a broadcast or programme.
272. 質疑応答 しつぎおうとう Question-and-answer session; formal exchange of questions and responses.
273. 質疑する しつぎする To question; to interrogate; to pose questions in a formal setting.
274. 失言 しつげん Verbal gaffe; slip of the tongue; an inappropriate or careless remark.
275. 執行する しっこうする To execute; to carry out; to enforce a legal decision or sentence.
276. 実質 じっしつ Substance; essence; real content. Refers to the actual or true nature of something as opposed to its appearance or name.
277. 湿疹 しっしん Eczema; rash. A general medical term for inflammatory skin conditions causing redness, itching, or blistering.
278. 品数 しなかず Variety of goods; number of items or dishes. Refers to how many different kinds of products or items are available.
279. シナリオ しなりお Script; screenplay; scenario. A written text for a film, drama, or a projected sequence of events.
280. 指標 しひょう Index; indicator; benchmark. A numerical or qualitative measure used to evaluate status or progress.
281. 司法 しほう Judiciary; administration of justice. The branch of government responsible for interpreting and applying laws.
282. 始末する しまつする To dispose of; to deal with; to settle. Euphemistically, to kill or eliminate someone.
283. 使命 しめい Mission; duty; calling. A task or purpose one is entrusted with or feels compelled to fulfil.
284. 車窓 しゃそう Train window; car window. The window of a vehicle, especially a train, through which scenery is viewed.
285. 斜面 しゃめん Slope; incline; slanting surface. A surface that is tilted at an angle from the horizontal.
286. 集計する しゅうけいする To tally; to total up; to compile figures. To aggregate data or numbers into a summary.
287. 従事する じゅうじする To engage in; to be involved in work or an activity. To devote oneself to a pursuit or occupation.
288. 収縮 しゅうしゅく Contraction; shrinkage; constriction. The process of becoming smaller or tighter.
289. 収納 しゅうのう Storage; putting away; stowing. The act of storing or organising items in a designated space.
290. 重要視 じゅうようし Regarding as important; attaching importance to. The act of considering something highly significant.
291. 主観 しゅかん Subjectivity; personal viewpoint. One's own perspective or opinion as opposed to objective fact.
292. 祝辞 しゅくじ Congratulatory address; congratulatory speech. A formal speech given to celebrate an occasion.
293. 縮小 しゅくしょう Reduction; scaling down; shrinkage. The act of making something smaller in size, scope, or scale.
294. 縮小コピー しゅくしょうこぴー Reduced copy; scaled-down photocopy. A copy made at a smaller size than the original.
295. 受講する じゅこうする To take a course; to attend lectures. To enrol in and participate in a class or training programme.
296. 取材する しゅざいする To gather information; to cover a story; to interview. To collect material for reporting or writing.
297. 趣旨 しゅし Gist; purpose; point; purport. The main meaning or intention behind a statement, plan, or action.
298. 主体 しゅたい Main body; core; agent; subject. The central entity that drives or constitutes something.
299. 主題 しゅだい Subject; theme; motif. The central topic or main idea of a work, discussion, or piece of music.
300. 出演する しゅつえんする To appear; to perform. To participate as a performer in a show, film, broadcast, or event.
301. 出題する しゅつだいする To set questions; to pose a problem or question on an exam or quiz.
302. 出力 しゅつりょく Output; power output. Used for electrical, mechanical, or data output.
303. 主導 しゅどう Leadership; initiative; taking the lead in guiding or directing something.
304. 主導権 しゅどうけん Hegemony; leadership; initiative; the right or power to lead.
305. 首都圏 しゅとけん Greater Tokyo Metropolitan area; the capital region.
306. 主任 しゅにん Person in charge; senior staff member; chief; head of a section.
307. 首脳 しゅのう Head; leader; top figure. Used for the highest-ranking leaders of states or organisations.
308. 手法 しゅほう Technique; method; approach to doing something.
309. 樹木 じゅもく Tree; trees and shrubs. A formal or literary term for trees in general.
310. 純金 じゅんきん Pure gold; solid gold; fine gold (24 karat).
311. 準決勝 じゅんけっしょう Semifinal; the round before the final in a tournament or competition.
312. 順序 じゅんじょ Order; sequence; the arrangement of items or steps in a logical series.
313. 巡礼 じゅんれい Pilgrimage; a journey to sacred or significant places. Also the pilgrim themselves.
314. 条件に適う じょうけんにかなう To meet the requirements; to satisfy the conditions; to qualify.
315. 錠剤 じょうざい Pill; tablet; lozenge. A solid form of medicine taken orally.
316. 承諾する しょうだくする To accept; to consent; to give approval or agreement to a request.
317. 象徴する しょうちょうする To symbolise; to represent something abstract through a concrete image or object.
318. 焦点 しょうてん Focus; focal point. Both the optical term and the figurative centre of attention.
319. 賞与 しょうよ Bonus; a monetary reward given in addition to regular salary.
320. 勝利する しょうりする To win; to achieve victory in a competition, battle, or contest.
321. 上流 じょうりゅう Upper stream; upper course; upper reaches of a river.
322. 除外する じょがいする To exclude; to remove from a group, list, or consideration.
323. 植民地 しょくみんち Colony; a territory under the political control of another country.
324. 職務 しょくむ Professional duties; official responsibilities associated with a position.
325. 徐行する じょこうする To go slowly; to drive at reduced speed; to proceed with caution.
326. 序章 じょしょう Preface; foreword; introductory chapter of a book or work.
327. 女性専用車両 じょせいせんようしゃりょう Women-only carriage on a train; a designated car restricted to female passengers.
328. 所属する しょぞくする To belong to; to be affiliated with an organisation or group.
329. 処置する しょちする To treat; to take measures; to deal with a situation or injury.
330. 助長する じょちょうする To encourage; to promote; to foster — often with a negative connotation of making something worse.
331. 処罰する しょばつする To punish; to penalise; to impose a penalty on someone for wrongdoing.
332. 初版 しょはん First edition; the original published version of a book or work.
333. 処分 しょぶん Disposal; throwing away; disciplinary action; dealing with something decisively.
334. 処方する しょほうする To prescribe medication or treatment; to write a prescription.
335. 処方箋 しょほうせん Prescription; a written order from a doctor for medicine.
336. 庶民 しょみん Common people; ordinary people; the general public; the masses.
337. 所有する しょゆうする To own; to possess; to have legal ownership of property or assets.
338. 侵害する しんがいする To violate; to infringe upon; to encroach on someone's rights or territory.
339. 新規採用 しんきさいよう New hiring; recruitment of new employees; fresh employment.
340. 人権擁護団体 じんけんようごだんたい Human rights advocacy group; civil liberties organisation.
341. 人工衛星 じんこうえいせい Artificial satellite; man-made satellite orbiting the Earth.
342. 審査 しんさ Examination; screening; review; judging; inspection of applications or entries.
343. 人災 じんさい Man-made disaster; calamity caused by human error or negligence.
344. 人材 じんざい Talented person; capable individual; human resources; personnel.
345. 審査員 しんさいん Judge; examiner; reviewer; member of a judging panel.
346. 信者 しんじゃ Believer; follower; devotee; adherent of a religion or cause.
347. 伸縮 しんしゅく Expansion and contraction; elasticity; stretching and shrinking; flexibility.
348. 真髄 しんずい Essence; quintessence; true spirit; the heart and soul of something.
349. 申請する しんせいする To apply for; to file an application; to submit a formal request.
350. 心臓発作 しんぞうほっさ Heart attack; cardiac arrest; a sudden failure of heart function.
351. 浸透する しんとうする To penetrate; to permeate; to soak in. Used for both liquids seeping into materials and ideas spreading through society.
352. 振動する しんどうする To vibrate; to oscillate. Describes repeated back-and-forth movement.
353. 新婦 しんぷ Bride; the woman getting married. A formal term used primarily in wedding ceremonies.
354. 辛抱 しんぼう Patience; endurance; perseverance. The ability to bear hardship without complaint.
355. 人望 じんぼう Popularity; favorable reputation; high esteem from others. The trust and respect one earns from people.
356. 人望が厚い じんぼうがあつい To be well-respected; to enjoy high esteem; to be trusted by many people.
357. 新約聖書 しんやくせいしょ New Testament; the second major division of the Christian Bible.
358. 侵略する しんりゃくする To invade; to commit aggression against another country or territory.
359. 進路 しんろ Route; course; path. Also used figuratively for one's future career or educational direction.
360. 新郎 しんろう Bridegroom; groom. A formal term for the man getting married.
361. 彗星 すいせい Comet; a celestial body with a tail of gas and dust visible when near the sun.
362. 推測 すいそく Guess; conjecture; speculation. An inference based on limited evidence.
363. 推定 すいてい Presumption; assumption; estimation. A conclusion drawn from available evidence.
364. 随筆 ずいひつ Essay; miscellaneous writings; literary jottings. A prose genre of personal reflections.
365. 推論 すいろん Inference; deduction; reasoning. The process of drawing conclusions from premises.
366. スタジオ スタジオ Studio; a room or building for recording, broadcasting, photography, or artistic work.
367. 速やか すみやか Swift; prompt; speedy. Describes quick and smooth action or response.
368. ずれ ずれ Gap; lag; slippage; discrepancy. A deviation from an expected position or standard.
369. 声援する せいえんする To cheer; to shout encouragement; to give vocal support.
370. 成果 せいか Result; outcome; fruits of one's labor; accomplishment. Typically implies a positive result.
371. 正規の手続き せいきのてつづき Regular procedure; proper process; official formalities. The correct and authorized way of doing something.
372. 制御する せいぎょする To control; to regulate; to govern. Managing the operation of systems or restraining behavior.
373. 成熟する せいじゅくする To mature; to ripen. Used for both physical ripening and personal or societal development.
374. 聖書 せいしょ Bible; the Scriptures; Holy Writ. The sacred text of Christianity.
375. 精髄 せいずい Essence; kernel; spirit; pith. The most essential and vital part of something.
376. 制定する せいていする To establish; to enact; to institute. Used for creating laws, rules, or standards.
377. 正当化 せいとうか Justification; legitimisation. The act of making something appear right or reasonable.
378. 整備する せいびする To maintain; to service; to put in order. To prepare or improve infrastructure or equipment.
379. 成分 せいぶん Ingredient; component; composition. The constituent elements of a substance.
380. 性別 せいべつ Sex; gender. The distinction between male and female.
381. 制約する せいやくする To restrict; to constrain; to limit. To impose conditions that restrict freedom of action.
382. 接点 せってん Point of contact; point of tangency; common ground.
383. 設立する せつりつする To establish; to found; to set up. Used for organisations, companies, and institutions.
384. セミナー セミナー Seminar; workshop. A meeting or class for discussion and training on a specific topic.
385. 台詞 せりふ Line; dialogue; spoken words in a play, film, or manga.
386. 繊維 せんい Fibre; textile. Thin, thread-like structures or the textile industry.
387. 善意 ぜんい Goodwill; good intentions; kind-heartedness.
388. 先行する せんこうする To precede; to go ahead; to take the lead.
389. 先行販売 せんこうはんばい Pre-order; presale; advance sale. Selling products before the official release date.
390. 先行予約 せんこうよやく Advance reservation; pre-booking. Reserving something before general availability.
391. 先人 せんじん Predecessor; pioneer; forerunner; ancestor.
392. 先進国 せんしんこく Developed country; advanced nation; industrialised country.
393. 喘息 ぜんそく Asthma. A chronic respiratory condition causing difficulty breathing.
394. 先端 せんたん Tip; pointed end; cutting edge; forefront.
395. 前提 ぜんてい Premise; assumption; prerequisite; precondition.
396. 先方 せんぽう The other party; the other side; the other person or group in a transaction.
397. 全貌 ぜんぼう Full view; total picture; whole story; complete picture.
398. 前方不注意 ぜんぽうふちゅうい Not watching the road ahead; driver inattention; failure to pay attention to the front.
399. 素因 そいん Predisposing factor; basic cause; predisposition.
400. 早急 そうきゅう Urgent; prompt; immediate. Requiring swift action without delay.
401. 総合 そうごう Synthesis; combination; integration. Bringing multiple elements together into a unified whole.
402. 総合成績 そうごうせいせき Overall results; combined grades; aggregate performance across all subjects or categories.
403. 捜索 そうさく Search; manhunt. An organised effort to find someone or something missing.
404. 創作する そうさくする To create; to produce an original creative work such as a novel, film, or artwork.
405. 装飾する そうしょくする To decorate; to ornament; to embellish with visual elements.
406. 相続する そうぞくする To inherit; to succeed to property, rights, or obligations from a predecessor.
407. 想定 そうてい Hypothesis; assumption; supposition. An anticipated scenario or expected outcome.
408. 争点 そうてん Point at issue; point of contention. The central matter being disputed or debated.
409. 側面 そくめん Side; flank; lateral surface. Also used figuratively for a facet or aspect of something.
410. 措置 そち Measure; step; action taken to deal with a situation or problem.
411. 率先する そっせんする To take the initiative; to take the lead; to be the first to act.
412. 大意 たいい Gist; outline; synopsis. The general meaning or main points of a text or speech.
413. 大意をつかむ たいいをつかむ To catch the drift; to grasp the gist; to understand the general meaning of a text or conversation.
414. 退化 たいか Degeneration; regression; atrophy. A decline to a less developed or functional state.
415. 大工 だいく Carpenter; a skilled craftsperson who builds and repairs wooden structures.
416. 体系 たいけい System; organised framework; a coherent body of knowledge or methods.
417. 対抗 たいこう Opposition; rivalry; competition. Standing against or competing with an opposing force.
418. 胎児 たいじ Foetus; embryo; unborn baby developing in the womb.
419. 対処する たいしょする To deal with; to cope with; to take appropriate action against a problem or situation.
420. 対処法 たいしょほう Coping method; way of dealing with a problem; strategy for handling a difficult situation.
421. 体制 たいせい System; regime; organisational structure. The established order of governance or management.
422. 対談する たいだんする To have a formal dialogue; to hold a structured conversation, typically for publication or broadcast.
423. 台頭する たいとうする To rise to prominence; to emerge as a significant force; to come to power.
424. 対比 たいひ Contrast; comparison. Placing two things side by side to highlight their differences.
425. 太平洋沿岸 たいへいようえんがん Pacific coast; the coastal area along the Pacific Ocean.
426. 逮捕する たいほする To arrest; to apprehend a suspect or criminal.
427. 台本 だいほん Script; screenplay; libretto. The written text for a performance or broadcast.
428. 太陽系 たいようけい Solar system; the system of planets and other celestial bodies orbiting the Sun.
429. 打開する だかいする To overcome; to break through a difficult situation or deadlock.
430. 妥協案 だきょうあん Compromise plan; a proposal that involves mutual concessions to reach agreement.
431. タブレット タブレット Tablet; refers to both tablet computers and tablet-form medicine (pills).
432. 短歌 たんか Tanka; a traditional Japanese poem of 31 morae in 5-7-5-7-7 pattern.
433. 探求する たんきゅうする To search for; to seek; to pursue knowledge or truth.
434. 団結 だんけつ Unity; solidarity; the act of banding together for a common purpose.
435. 断言 だんげん Assertion; declaration; stating something with absolute certainty.
436. 短縮 たんしゅく Shortening; reduction; abbreviation; cutting down time or length.
437. 男女の格差 だんじょのかくさ Gender gap; the disparity or inequality between men and women.
438. 段取り だんどり Arrangements; planning; the steps or procedure for getting something done.
439. 段取りが悪い だんどりがわるい Poorly organised; badly planned; having inefficient arrangements.
440. タンパク質 たんぱくしつ Protein; one of the essential macronutrients for living organisms.
441. 断面 だんめん Cross section; a surface exposed by cutting through an object.
442. 地域ぐるみ ちいきぐるみ Community-wide; involving the whole area or neighbourhood.
443. 蓄積する ちくせきする To accumulate; to build up over time; to store or amass.
444. 秩序 ちつじょ Order; discipline; a state of systematic arrangement and regularity.
445. 注意報 ちゅういほう Advisory; warning bulletin issued by authorities, especially for weather.
446. 中継する ちゅうけいする To relay; to broadcast live; to transmit a signal from one point to another.
447. 中堅 ちゅうけん Mainstay; backbone; mid-career professional; key figure in an organisation.
448. 注釈する ちゅうしゃくする To annotate; to add explanatory notes to a text.
449. 中傷 ちゅうしょう Slander; defamation; malicious verbal attacks intended to damage reputation.
450. 中世 ちゅうせい Middle Ages; medieval times. In Japanese history, especially the Kamakura and Muromachi periods.
451. 抽選する ちゅうせんする To hold a lottery; to draw lots to select a winner at random.
452. 中立 ちゅうりつ Neutrality; remaining impartial and not taking sides in a conflict or dispute.
453. 駐輪する ちゅうりんする To park a bicycle; to leave a bicycle in a designated area.
454. 調印する ちょういんする To sign; to affix a signature to an official document such as a treaty or contract.
455. 懲役 ちょうえき Penal servitude; imprisonment with hard labour. A prison sentence involving compulsory work.
456. 聴講する ちょうこうする To audit a course; to attend a lecture as a listener without receiving credit.
457. 徴収する ちょうしゅうする To collect; to levy taxes, fees, or payments from people by authority.
458. 嘲笑 ちょうしょう Scornful laughter; ridicule; derision. Mocking someone with contempt.
459. 長編 ちょうへん A long work; a full-length novel, feature film, or extended creative work.
460. 長編小説 ちょうへんしょうせつ A full-length novel; a long novel as opposed to a novella or short story.
461. 直視 ちょくし To look straight at something; to face reality squarely without averting one's eyes.
462. 著作権の侵害 ちょさくけんのしんがい Copyright infringement; the unauthorised use of copyrighted material.
463. 貯蔵する ちょぞうする To store; to keep goods, food, or materials in reserve for later use.
464. 直感 ちょっかん Intuition; a gut feeling or instinct that arises without conscious reasoning.
465. 直観力 ちょっかんりょく Intuitive ability; the power of intuition. The capacity to grasp things instinctively.
466. 沈黙 ちんもく Silence; the state of being quiet and not speaking. Hush.
467. 陳列する ちんれつする To display; to exhibit items by arranging them in a row for viewing or sale.
468. 追及する ついきゅうする To pursue; to press someone for answers or hold them accountable.
469. 追突 ついとつ A rear-end collision; crashing into the back of another vehicle.
470. 追放する ついほうする To exile; to banish or expel someone from a group, country, or organisation.
471. 墜落 ついらく A fall; a crash. Especially the crashing of an aircraft from the sky.
472. 通販カタログ つうはんカタログ A mail-order catalogue; a catalogue for ordering products remotely.
473. 通話 つうわ A telephone call; speaking over the phone. Also used for internet voice and video calls.
474. 杖 つえ A cane; a walking stick or staff used for support when walking.
475. つま先 つまさき Toes; the tips of the toes. Also the toe area of shoes or socks.
476. 釣り合い つりあい Balance; equilibrium. A state where opposing forces or elements are evenly matched.
477. 提携する ていけいする To partner with; to form an alliance or business tie-up with another party.
478. 帝国 ていこく Empire; a large sovereign state ruled by an emperor. Used both historically and metaphorically.
479. 体裁 ていさい Outward appearance; form; how something looks to others. Often implies concern with social image.
480. 提唱 ていしょう Advocacy; proposal. Publicly putting forward a theory, idea, or initiative for others to consider.
481. 低迷する ていめいする To be sluggish; to be in a slump. Describes a prolonged period of poor performance or stagnation.
482. 定理 ていり Theorem; a mathematical or logical proposition that has been proven to be true.
483. 適応 てきおう Adaptation; the process of adjusting to new conditions, environments, or circumstances.
484. 手際 てぎわ Skill; dexterity; the ability to handle tasks efficiently and smoothly.
485. 手際がいい てぎわがいい Well-crafted; skilful; efficient. Describes someone who handles tasks deftly and smoothly.
486. 手口 てぐち Modus operandi; a criminal technique or trick used to deceive or commit a crime.
487. テクノロジー テクノロジー Technology; the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
488. 手数 てすう Trouble; bother; the effort or steps required to accomplish something.
489. 手すり てすり Handrail; railing; banister. A bar or rail for gripping to maintain balance on stairs or balconies.
490. 撤去する てっきょする To remove; to take away or dismantle something that was installed or placed.
491. 鉄鋼 てっこう Iron and steel; the metals collectively, especially as an industrial material.
492. デッサンする デッサンする To sketch; to draw a rough outline or study, typically in pencil or charcoal.
493. 撤退する てったいする To withdraw; to pull back from a position, market, or engagement.
494. 手取り てどり Take-home pay; net income after deductions such as taxes and insurance.
495. 手のひら てのひら Palm of the hand; the flat inner surface of the hand.
496. 手配 てはい Arrangement; preparations. The act of organising necessary resources, people, or logistics in advance.
497. 手はず てはず Arrangements; plan; the sequence of steps or preparations laid out in advance.
498. 手筈を整える てはずをととのえる To make arrangements; to put plans in order so everything is ready to proceed.
499. 手引き てびき Guidance; a guide or manual. Also means assisting someone or acting as a go-between.
500. 伝達する でんたつする To transmit; to convey or communicate information, messages, or signals to others.
501. 伝票 でんぴょう A chit, slip, or voucher used as a written record of a transaction or order.
502. でんぷん でんぷん Starch; a carbohydrate found in foods like potatoes, rice, and wheat.
503. 展望 てんぼう A view or outlook; a prospect for the future or a panoramic vista from a high point.
504. 展望台 てんぼうだい An observation deck or viewing platform; a structure built for enjoying panoramic views.
505. 同意 どうい Agreement; consent; approval given after understanding and accepting a proposal or idea.
506. 陶器 とうき Pottery; earthenware or ceramics fired at relatively low temperatures.
507. 動機 どうき A motive or incentive; the reason or driving force behind an action or decision.
508. 陶芸 とうげい Ceramic art; the craft and artistic practice of making pottery and ceramics.
509. 統合 とうごう Integration; unification or consolidation of separate parts into a unified whole.
510. 動向 どうこう A trend or tendency; the general direction of movement or development in a situation.
511. 同好会 どうこうかい A club or association of people who share the same hobby or interest.
512. 登場人物 とうじょうじんぶつ A character in a story; the people who appear in a play, novel, film, or other narrative.
513. 導入する どうにゅうする To introduce; to bring in a new system, technology, method, or concept.
514. 当人 とうにん The person concerned; the person in question or the said individual.
515. 道理 どうり Reason; logic or natural sense that makes something understandable or justifiable.
516. 得意先 とくいさき A regular customer or client; an established patron with an ongoing business relationship.
517. 特技 とくぎ A special skill or talent; something one is particularly good at.
518. 特集する とくしゅうする To feature; to create a special feature or spotlight on a particular topic.
519. 特典 とくてん A privilege, perk, or special benefit offered as a bonus or incentive.
520. 土砂 どしゃ Sediment; earth and sand, especially as moved by natural forces like water or gravity.
521. 土星 どせい Saturn; the sixth planet from the Sun, known for its prominent ring system.
522. 土台 どだい A foundation or base; the underlying structure that supports something, literally or figuratively.
523. 特許 とっきょ A patent; an official right granted for an invention, giving exclusive use for a set period.
524. 取り返しがつかない とりかえしがつかない Cannot be undone; irreversible. Describes a situation that is impossible to recover from.
525. 取り組み とりくみ An effort, initiative, or approach to tackling a problem or challenge.
526. 取り締まり とりしまり Control, management, or supervision, especially enforcement of rules and regulations.
527. 内閣 ないかく The cabinet of a government; the group of ministers who lead executive departments.
528. 内臓 ないぞう Internal organs; viscera. The organs inside the body such as the heart, liver, and stomach.
529. 鉛 なまり Lead (Pb); the heavy, soft metallic element used in batteries, pipes, and historically in paint.
530. 並びに ならびに And (also); both ... and; as well as. A formal conjunction connecting items of equal importance.
531. 成り立ち なりたち The way something came about; origin; formation; how something is composed or structured.
532. 難民 なんみん Refugee; displaced person. Someone forced to flee their country due to war, persecution, or disaster.
533. ニーズ ニーズ Needs; demands; requirements. What people or the market want or require.
534. ニュアンス ニュアンス Nuance; a subtle difference in meaning, tone, or feeling.
535. 入荷 にゅうか Arrival of goods; receiving stock. When products are delivered and available.
536. 任務 にんむ Duty; mission; task; an assigned role or responsibility.
537. 音色 ねいろ Tone colour; timbre. The distinctive quality of a musical sound that distinguishes one instrument or voice from another.
538. 熱意 ねつい Zeal; enthusiasm; ardour. A passionate commitment or eagerness toward something.
539. ネック ネック Neck; bottleneck. A problem or obstacle that hinders progress.
540. 熱湯 ねっとう Boiling water; very hot water at or near 100°C.
541. 根回し ねまわし Building consensus behind the scenes; laying the groundwork before a formal decision.
542. 燃焼 ねんしょう Combustion; burning. The chemical process of a substance reacting with oxygen to produce heat and light.
543. 納入 のうにゅう Delivery; supply. The act of delivering goods, payments, or documents to a designated recipient.
544. ノルマ ノルマ Quota; assigned target. A required amount of work or output that must be achieved.
545. 肺炎 はいえん Pneumonia; inflammation of the lungs caused by infection.
546. バイオテクノロジー バイオテクノロジー Biotechnology; the use of biological systems and organisms to develop products and technologies.
547. 配給 はいきゅう Distribution; rationing. The organised supply of goods, food, or film to recipients.
548. ばい菌 ばいきん Germs; bacteria; a bug. Microorganisms that cause disease.
549. 背景 はいけい Background; scenery; backdrop. The setting or circumstances behind something.
550. 廃止する はいしする To abolish; to officially discontinue a system, law, or practice.
551. 賠償する ばいしょうする To compensate; to pay damages or make reparation for harm or loss caused.
552. 排除する はいじょする To exclude; to eliminate or remove something unwanted from a group or situation.
553. 倍増 ばいぞう Doubling; a twofold increase in quantity, amount, or scale.
554. 配送する はいそうする To deliver; to transport and distribute goods to a specified destination.
555. 配属する はいぞくする To assign to a post; to place personnel in a specific department or division.
556. 敗退する はいたいする To be eliminated; to lose and be knocked out of a competition or tournament.
557. 敗北 はいぼく Defeat; a loss in a battle, competition, or struggle.
558. 配慮 はいりょ Consideration; showing thoughtfulness and care toward others' feelings, needs, or circumstances.
559. 破壊 はかい Destruction; the act of breaking or demolishing something completely.
560. 破棄する はきする To annul; to revoke, cancel, or dispose of a contract, agreement, or document.
561. 迫害 はくがい Persecution; oppression directed at a person or group based on their beliefs, ethnicity, or identity.
562. 迫害を受ける はくがいをうける To be persecuted; to suffer oppression or cruel treatment at the hands of others.
563. 白状 はくじょう Confession; admitting to a wrongdoing or secret, often under pressure.
564. 爆弾 ばくだん A bomb; an explosive device designed to cause destruction.
565. 爆破 ばくは Blowing up; the act of destroying something by detonating explosives.
566. 暴露する ばくろする To expose; to reveal hidden truths, secrets, or scandals to the public.
567. 場所柄 ばしょがら The character of a place; the nature or atmosphere of a location that dictates appropriate behaviour.
568. 破損 はそん Damage; breakage or impairment of something, typically physical objects.
569. 発掘する はっくつする To excavate; to unearth or dig up buried objects, ruins, or hidden talent.
570. 伐採する ばっさいする To fell; to cut down trees for timber or land clearing.
571. 発信 はっしん Transmission; the act of sending out information, messages, or signals.
572. 罰則 ばっそく A penalty; punitive rules or sanctions established by law for violations.
573. 発泡スチロール はっぽうスチロール Styrofoam; expanded polystyrene foam used for packaging and insulation.
574. 八方美人 はっぽうびじん A people pleaser; someone who tries to be liked by everyone by being agreeable to all sides.
575. ハプニング はぷにんぐ An unexpected incident or unforeseen event, often with a surprising or dramatic quality.
576. 浜辺 はまべ Beach; foreshore; the sandy area along the edge of the sea.
577. 繁栄する はんえいする To flourish; to prosper; to thrive as a community, nation, or organisation.
578. 版画 はんが Woodcut; woodblock print; art print made by carving a design into a block and pressing it onto paper.
579. 反撃する はんげきする To counterattack; to strike back; to fight back against an opponent or criticism.
580. 半減 はんげん Reduction by half; halving. A decrease to approximately fifty percent of the original amount.
581. 反則 はんそく Foul; violation of rules; breaking the rules in a game, sport, or regulated activity.
582. 販促キャンペーン はんそくきゃんぺーん Sales promotion campaign; a marketing event or initiative designed to boost product sales.
583. 反発 はんぱつ Opposition; rebellion; resistance; backlash against a policy, decision, or authority.
584. 控え ひかえ A reserve copy; a spare; a backup document or person kept on standby.
585. 否決する ひけつする To reject; to vote down; to defeat a bill or proposal through a formal decision.
586. 非常口 ひじょうぐち Emergency exit; a designated exit for use during fires, earthquakes, or other emergencies.
587. 歪み ひずみ Strain; distortion; warp; a deviation from the original or correct shape, state, or balance.
588. 非正規 ひせいき Irregular; non-regular; typically refers to non-fulltime or non-permanent employment.
589. 人質 ひとじち Hostage; a person seized or held as security for the fulfilment of a demand.
590. 一筋 ひとすじ One line; one strand; one beam; a single thin, elongated stretch of something.
591. 人にからむ ひとにからむ To pick a quarrel with someone; to accost someone aggressively; to pester someone.
592. 人目 ひとめ Public notice; public attention; the eyes of others; public gaze.
593. 独り言 ひとりごと Talking to oneself; soliloquy; monologue; muttering words without addressing anyone.
594. 雛 ひな A young bird; chick; fledgling that has recently hatched.
595. 非難を浴びる ひなんをあびる To come under attack; to face harsh criticism; to be showered with blame or condemnation.
596. ひび ひび A crack; fissure; a narrow break or split in a surface.
597. 標識 ひょうしき A sign; marker; signpost providing information, directions, or warnings.
598. 描写 びょうしゃ Depiction; description; portrayal of a scene, character, or situation through words or images.
599. 表明 ひょうめい Declaration; public expression of a position, intention, or opinion.
600. 肥料 ひりょう Fertiliser; manure; compost. A substance added to soil to promote plant growth.
601. 貧血 ひんけつ Anaemia; a condition characterised by a deficiency of red blood cells or haemoglobin.
602. 貧困層 ひんこんそう The poor; the underclass; the poorest segment of the population.
603. 貧弱 ひんじゃく Poor; meagre; frail; weak and lacking substance or strength.
604. 顰蹙 ひんしゅく Disapproval; scorn; frowning upon someone's behaviour.
605. 頻度 ひんど Frequency; how often something occurs or is repeated.
606. ピント ぴんと Focus; focal point of a camera lens or optical instrument.
607. ファスナー ふぁすなー Zip fastener; zipper; a device for temporarily joining two edges of fabric.
608. フィルター ふぃるたー Filter; a device or mechanism that selectively blocks or passes certain elements.
609. 封鎖 ふうさ Blockade; lockdown; sealing off an area to prevent entry or exit.
610. 福祉国家 ふくしこっか Welfare state; a system in which the government provides for citizens' social and economic well-being.
611. 福利厚生 ふくりこうせい Employee benefits; fringe benefits; welfare provisions offered by an employer.
612. 不幸な身の上 ふこうなみのうえ Unfortunate circumstances; an unhappy lot in life; a pitiable personal history.
613. 部首 ぶしゅ Radical; a component of a kanji character used for classification in dictionaries.
614. 部署 ぶしょ Department; section; bureau; one's assigned post or station within an organisation.
615. 布石 ふせき Groundwork; preparatory move; strategic arrangement of stones in the opening of a go game.
616. 沸点 ふってん Boiling point; the temperature at which a liquid turns to vapour.
617. 赴任する ふにんする To take up a new post; to proceed to one's assigned position, typically at a distant location.
618. 腐敗 ふはい Decomposition; decay; putrefaction; rot of organic matter.
619. 部門 ぶもん Division; department; branch; field; category within a larger organisation or classification.
620. 富裕層 ふゆうそう The wealthy; the rich; the affluent class of society.
621. 扶養する ふようする To support; to provide for a dependent; to maintain someone financially.
622. ふらりと ふらりと Aimlessly; casually dropping by; without planning or purpose.
623. プレーする ぷれーする To play; to participate in a sport or game.
624. プロセス ぷろせす Process; a series of steps or actions taken to achieve a particular result.
625. 噴火する ふんかする To erupt; for a volcano to discharge lava, ash, and gases violently.
626. 分割する ぶんかつする To divide; to split something into smaller parts or portions.
627. 分散する ぶんさんする To disperse; to distribute or spread out across different locations or categories.
628. 紛争 ふんそう Dispute; conflict; strife between parties over disagreements or competing interests.
629. 分担する ぶんたんする To share responsibilities; to divide duties or costs among multiple people.
630. 文脈 ぶんみゃく Context; the surrounding text or circumstances that give meaning to a word or situation.
631. 分裂 ぶんれつ Split; division; the breaking apart of a unified group or entity.
632. ベストセラー べすとせらー Bestseller; a book or product that sells in very large numbers.
633. 便宜 べんぎ Convenience; accommodation; a favour or arrangement made for someone's benefit.
634. 弁護する べんごする To defend; to speak in someone's defence or act as their legal advocate.
635. 分析する ぶんせきする To analyse; to examine something in detail by breaking it down into components.
636. 便秘 べんぴ Constipation; difficulty in passing stools or infrequent bowel movements.
637. 母音 ぼいん Vowel; a speech sound produced without obstruction of the airflow.
638. 望遠鏡 ぼうえんきょう Telescope; an optical instrument for viewing distant objects by magnifying them.
639. 妨害 ぼうがい Obstruction; hindrance; the act of deliberately interfering with or blocking something.
640. 崩壊する ほうかいする To collapse; to crumble and fall apart, either physically or figuratively.
641. 放棄する ほうきする To abandon; to give up or relinquish a right, claim, or responsibility.
642. 放射能 ほうしゃのう Radioactivity; the property of certain substances to emit radiation through nuclear decay.
643. 法則 ほうそく Law; rule; a principle that consistently governs how things work.
644. 放置する ほうちする To leave alone; to abandon or neglect something without taking action.
645. 膨張 ぼうちょう Expansion; swelling; the process of growing larger in size, volume, or scale.
646. 暴動 ぼうどう Riot; insurrection; a violent disturbance by a crowd against authority.
647. 方面 ほうめん Direction; area; district; a general area or field of activity.
648. 補給 ほきゅう Supply; replenishment; providing necessary resources or materials.
649. 補欠選手 ほけつせんしゅ Substitute player; reserve player; a backup who fills in when a regular team member cannot play.
650. 歩行者 ほこうしゃ Pedestrian; walker. A person travelling on foot, especially on a road or pavement.
651. 保守 ほしゅ Maintenance; upkeep. The act of keeping equipment, systems, or infrastructure in good working condition.
652. 補充 ほじゅう Replenishment; refilling; supplementation. Restoring something that has been used up or run low.
653. 保守勢力 ほしゅせいりょく Conservative influence; conservative forces. Political or social groups that resist change and favour traditional values.
654. 保守的な ほしゅてきな Conservative; traditional-minded. Tending to resist change and prefer established ways.
655. 保守的な考え方 ほしゅてきなかんがえかた Conservative way of thinking; traditional mindset. An approach that favours established ideas over new ones.
656. 補助 ほじょ Assistance; support; aid. Helping someone or supplementing something to make up for what is lacking.
657. 保障する ほしょうする To guarantee; to ensure; to secure. To protect a right or condition so that it is maintained.
658. ポスト ポスト Postbox; mailbox. A box for depositing outgoing mail, typically red in Japan.
659. 発作 ほっさ Fit; attack; seizure. A sudden episode of illness or involuntary physical symptoms.
660. 発足する ほっそくする To establish; to launch; to inaugurate. To formally start the activities of an organisation or committee.
661. 歩道橋 ほどうきょう Footbridge; pedestrian bridge; pedestrian overpass. A bridge allowing people to cross a road or railway on foot.
662. 哺乳類 ほにゅうるい Mammal; mammals. The class of warm-blooded animals that nurse their young with milk.
663. 凡人 ぼんじん Ordinary person; average person; mediocre person. Someone without exceptional talent or ability.
664. 本題 ほんだい Main topic; main subject; main issue. The central point of a discussion or presentation.
665. 本番 ほんばん The real performance; the actual event; showtime. The live event as opposed to rehearsal or practice.
666. 前置き まえおき Preface; introduction; preamble. Preliminary remarks before getting to the main point.
667. 前倒し まえだおし Moving forward; bringing forward; accelerating a schedule. Doing something earlier than originally planned.
668. 拙い状況 まずいじょうきょう Awkward situation; unfavourable circumstances. A predicament that is difficult or undesirable.
669. 窓の枠 まどのわく Window frame. The rigid border structure surrounding a window pane.
670. マネージャー マネージャー Manager. A person who organises, oversees, or supports a team or business operation.
671. 瞬き まばたき Blink; blinking of the eyes. The brief closing and opening of the eyelids.
672. 麻痺 まひ Paralysis; numbness; stupor. Loss of sensation or function in a body part, or figurative dulling of senses.
673. 丸暗記 まるあんき Rote memorisation; memorising something word for word without necessarily understanding it.
674. 丸写し まるうつし Copying in its entirety; verbatim copying. Reproducing something exactly as-is, often implying plagiarism or mindless replication.
675. 見合わせ みあわせ Postponement; suspension; holding off on something. Also literally means looking at each other.
676. 味覚 みかく Sense of taste; palate. The gustatory sense that perceives flavours.
677. 見込み みこみ Prospect; hope; expectation; likelihood. An estimate of what will happen in the future.
678. 見込みが外れる みこみがはずれる To guess wrong; to have one's expectations prove incorrect; to miscalculate.
679. 水気 みずけ Water content; moisture; dampness; juiciness in food.
680. 未然に みぜんに Before something happens; in advance of an event; preventively.
681. 溝 みぞ Ditch; drain; gutter; trench. Also figuratively, a gap or rift between people.
682. 見出し みだし Heading; headline; title; caption. The prominent text at the top of an article or section.
683. 道なり みちなり Following the road; along the road as it goes; the natural course of the road.
684. 密集 みっしゅう Crowding together; dense clustering; being packed closely in one area.
685. 密約 みつやく Secret agreement; clandestine pact; an agreement made covertly between parties.
686. 見通し みとおし Outlook; forecast; perspective; prospect. Also an unobstructed view or line of sight.
687. 南半球 みなみはんきゅう Southern hemisphere; the half of the Earth south of the equator.
688. 見習い みならい Apprenticeship; trainee; learning by watching and imitating. Also the apprentice themselves.
689. 身元保証 みもとほしょう Personal guarantee; identity verification; vouching for someone's background and character.
690. 脈絡 みゃくらく Logical connection; coherence; context; chain of reasoning between ideas.
691. ミュージシャン ミュージシャン Musician; a person who plays or composes music professionally.
692. 民謡 みんよう Folk song; traditional popular song passed down through generations in a region.
693. 無効な むこうな Invalid; void; null; having no legal or practical effect.
694. 胸騒ぎがする むなさわぎがする To feel uneasy; to have a bad feeling; to sense something ominous about to happen.
695. 名言 めいげん Wise saying; famous quote; memorable remark that captures an important truth.
696. 命題 めいだい Proposition; thesis; a statement or problem posed for consideration or proof.
697. 名簿 めいぼ Name list; register; roster; directory of names and associated information.
698. 明朗会計 めいろうかいけい Transparent billing; honest and clear accounting. Used especially for restaurants and bars.
699. 眼鏡の縁 めがねのふち Spectacle frame; the rim or edge of eyeglasses.
700. 目先 めさき Before one's eyes; the immediate present. Also refers to a short-sighted or superficial perspective.
701. めど めど Aim; goal; prospect; outlook. A target or estimate for when something will be achieved.
702. 目と鼻の先 めとはなのさき Very close; within a stone's throw; right nearby. An idiomatic expression for extreme proximity.
703. 免除する めんじょする To exempt; to release from an obligation; to waive. To free someone from a duty or requirement.
704. 猛抗議 もうこうぎ Vehement objection; bitter protest; fierce complaint. A strong and passionate expression of opposition.
705. 申し出 もうしで Proposal; offer; request; application. A formal expression of willingness or a suggestion put forward.
706. 盲点 もうてん Blind spot. Both a physiological term for the retinal blind spot and a figurative term for an overlooked point.
707. 猛反対 もうはんたい Strong opposition; vehement opposition. Fierce and unwavering disagreement.
708. 模索する もさくする To seek; to search for; to grope for. To explore possibilities in search of a solution.
709. もしくは もしくは Or; otherwise. A formal conjunction used to present an alternative.
710. 模範 もはん Model; exemplar; example; pattern. A standard of excellence to be imitated.
711. 焼きもち やきもち Jealousy; envy. Particularly romantic jealousy expressed in a somewhat endearing way.
712. 役職 やくしょく Post; official position; executive role. A titled position within an organisation.
713. 役職名 やくしょくめい Job title; name of one's position. The official designation of a role within an organisation.
714. 屋敷 やしき Residence; estate; mansion; grounds. A large house or premises, often of a wealthy or prominent family.
715. 野心 やしん Ambition; aspiration. A strong desire to achieve something great, sometimes with a slightly aggressive connotation.
716. やたら やたら Excessively; thoughtlessly; randomly; unreasonably. Describes doing something without good reason or to an excessive degree.
717. 遺言 ゆいごん Will; testament; one's dying wish; last words. A document or statement expressing final wishes.
718. 誘拐 ゆうかい Abduction; kidnapping. The criminal act of taking someone away by force or deception.
719. 有機栽培 ゆうきさいばい Organic farming; organic cultivation. Growing produce without synthetic chemicals or pesticides.
720. 有給休暇 ゆうきゅうきゅうか Paid vacation; paid holiday; paid leave. Time off from work with continued pay.
721. 有休を取る ゆうきゅうをとる To take paid leave; to use one's paid vacation days.
722. ユーザー ユーザー User. A person who uses a product, service, or system.
723. 誘導する ゆうどうする To guide; to lead; to direct. To steer someone or something in a particular direction.
724. 悠々 ゆうゆう Easily; without difficulty; calmly; in a leisurely manner. Describes doing something with room to spare.
725. 由来 ゆらい Origin; source; derivation. Refers to the historical background or roots of something.
726. 要因 よういん Main cause; primary factor. A key element contributing to a result or outcome.
727. 溶岩 ようがん Lava. Molten rock that flows from a volcano during an eruption.
728. 容疑者 ようぎしゃ Suspect. A person suspected of committing a crime.
729. 擁護 ようご Protection; defence; support. The act of defending or advocating for someone or something.
730. 要旨 ようし Main point; gist; summary. The essential substance of a text, speech, or argument.
731. 様式 ようしき Style; form; pattern. A particular mode or manner of artistic or architectural expression.
732. 養成する ようせいする To train; to cultivate; to develop. To nurture and develop someone's skills or abilities over time.
733. 様相 ようそう Aspect; phase; condition. The outward appearance or state of a situation.
734. 用品 ようひん Articles; supplies; goods. Items needed for a particular purpose or activity.
735. 要約する ようやくする To summarise; to condense. To express the main points of something in a shorter form.
736. 浴室 よくしつ Bathroom; bathing room. The room where one takes a bath or shower.
737. 抑制する よくせいする To control; to restrain; to suppress. To hold back or keep something in check.
738. 予定を組む よていをくむ To make a schedule; to plan a schedule. To arrange and set up plans or appointments.
739. 与党 よとう Ruling party; governing party. The political party or coalition currently in power.
740. 雷雨 らいう Thunderstorm; thundershower. A storm with thunder, lightning, and heavy rain.
741. 酪農 らくのう Dairy farming. The agricultural practice of raising cattle for milk and dairy products.
742. 楽観 らっかん Optimism; taking an optimistic view. A positive outlook on situations or outcomes.
743. 利害 りがい Advantages and disadvantages; interests. The gains and losses at stake for involved parties.
744. 立脚点 りっきゃくてん Standpoint; viewpoint; position. The fundamental basis or perspective from which one argues or acts.
745. 立法 りっぽう Legislation; lawmaking. The process or act of creating and enacting laws.
746. 利点 りてん Advantage; merit; strong point. A beneficial or favourable aspect of something.
747. 略語 りゃくご Abbreviation; acronym. A shortened form of a word or phrase.
748. 略奪する りゃくだつする To plunder; to loot; to pillage. To seize property by force, especially during conflict or disorder.
749. 流通する りゅうつうする To be distributed; to circulate. For goods, money, or information to move through channels.
750. 領域 りょういき Territory; domain; area of expertise or jurisdiction. A defined space, whether physical or abstract.
751. 良識 りょうしき Good sense; common sense; sound judgement. The ability to think and act reasonably.
752. 両者 りょうしゃ Both parties; the two; both persons or both things under discussion.
753. 了承 りょうしょう Acknowledgement; understanding; approval; consent. Formal acceptance of a request or situation.
754. 領土 りょうど Territory; domain; dominion. Land under the sovereign control of a nation or ruler.
755. 量販店 りょうはんてん Volume retailer; mass-market store; large retail outlet that sells goods in bulk or at discount.
756. 両立 りょうりつ Compatibility; coexistence; managing two things simultaneously without sacrificing either.
757. 旅客機 りょかくき Passenger plane; commercial aircraft designed to carry paying travellers.
758. 旅行の手配 りょこうのてはい Travel arrangements; the process of organising flights, hotels, and itinerary for a trip.
759. 離陸する りりくする To take off; to leave the ground. Used for aircraft departing from a runway.
760. 輪郭 りんかく Contour; outline; silhouette. The outer edge or shape of something.
761. 隣国 りんごく Neighbouring country; adjacent country. A nation that shares a border or is geographically close.
762. 劣等感 れっとうかん Inferiority complex; sense of inferiority. A persistent feeling of being less capable than others.
763. 連休 れんきゅう Consecutive holidays; a series of days off in a row. A multi-day break from work or school.
764. 連携 れんけい Cooperation; coordination; collaboration; working together in alignment toward a shared goal.
765. 連合 れんごう Union; alliance; coalition; confederation. A formal grouping of parties united for a common purpose.
766. 連載する れんさいする To serialise; to publish in instalments. To release a story or article in successive parts.
767. 連帯 れんたい Solidarity; joint responsibility. Standing together as a united group.
768. 連盟 れんめい League; federation; union. An organised association of groups or nations.
769. 朗読 ろうどく Reading aloud; recitation. The act of vocalising written text expressively.
770. 浪費する ろうひする To waste; to squander. To use money, time, or resources carelessly and excessively.
771. 労力 ろうりょく Labour; effort; toil. The physical or mental exertion required to accomplish something.
772. ローカル線 ローカルせん Local line; a regional railway line that serves smaller communities rather than major cities.
773. ログイン／ログオフ ログインろぐおふ Log in / log off; to sign in to or sign out of a computer system or online account.
774. 路地 ろじ Alley; alleyway; lane. A narrow passage between buildings, often in older neighbourhoods.
775. 論拠 ろんきょ Grounds of an argument; basis for reasoning. The evidence or rationale that supports a claim.
776. 論点 ろんてん Point at issue; point in question. The central matter under debate or discussion.
777. 和解する わかいする To reconcile; to reach a settlement; to compromise. To resolve a dispute and restore harmony.
778. 枠組み わくぐみ Framework; structure; frame. A basic supporting structure, either physical or conceptual.
779. 惑星 わくせい Planet. A celestial body that orbits a star, such as Earth or Mars.