Scope & Categorisation

Introduction

Formal and academic Japanese frequently uses patterns that define scope, categorise items, and set boundaries. These patterns are indispensable for essays, reports, and presentations.

They give your Japanese a more structured, analytical quality.

Themes

All Japanese Grammar Intermediate in This Chapter (12)

1. ～以外 いがい A dependent noun meaning 'other than,' 'besides,' or 'except for.' It attaches to nouns and nominalized phrases to exclude a specific ite...
2. ～または または A conjunction meaning 'or' that connects two noun phrases to present choices or possibilities. It is more formal than the colloquial か an...
3. ～か～か か A structure that marks two choices or possibilities about which the speaker or writer is uncertain or presents as alternatives. It appear...
4. ～なり～なり なり A phrase used to indicate two representative choices or examples, implying 'whether A or B' or 'something like A or B.' It suggests that ...
5. それぞれ それぞれ An adverb or noun meaning 'each' or 'respectively,' used when two or more things or persons are individually distinguished. It emphasizes...
6. この (temporal) この A demonstrative adjective that, when combined with time-related nouns, indicates a period around the present moment — 'these days,' 'this...
7. ～上 じょう A suffix attached to nouns meaning 'from the viewpoint of,' 'for the sake of,' or 'in terms of.' It creates compound expressions that fra...
8. ～点（で） てん A noun meaning 'point' or 'aspect' that expresses a specific point of argument, evaluation, or comparison. It is used to narrow discussio...
9. ～面 めん A suffix meaning 'side,' 'aspect,' or 'facet' that forms compounds indicating a broad dimension or area of something. It is used to speci...
10. ～は言うまでもなく はいうまでもなく An adverbial phrase meaning 'not to mention,' 'needless to say,' or 'let alone.' It presents something obvious as a given and then adds s...
11. ～限り (conditional) かぎり A conjunction meaning 'as long as' or 'so long as,' expressing that a certain condition must be met for the main clause to hold true. It ...
12. ～限り (limit) かぎり A suffix meaning 'only until,' 'limited to,' or 'last.' It expresses that something is valid, available, or happening only up to a certai...