Abstract Concepts

概要

この章では「Abstract Concepts」というテーマにまとまって出てくる基本語彙を学びます。単語をばらばらに覚えるのではなく、場面といっしょに定着させるための構成です。

このまとまりを身につけると、その話題について話すときの語彙が増え、読むときも聞くときも反応しやすくなります。

テーマ

この章のJLPT N4 Vocabulary (218)

1. 場合 ばあい Case; occasion; situation; circumstances. Used to describe a particular set of conditions or scenarios.
2. 状態 じょうたい State; condition; situation. Describes the current condition or status of something.
3. 状況 じょうきょう State of affairs; situation; conditions; circumstances. Refers to the overall situation or how things stand.
4. 条件 じょうけん Condition; term; requirement; qualification; prerequisite. A standard that must be met.
5. 機会 きかい Chance; opportunity; occasion. A favourable moment or opening to do something.
6. 可能性 かのうせい Possibility; chance; likelihood; probability. The degree to which something may happen.
7. 必要性 ひつようせい Necessity; need. The quality of being required or indispensable.
8. 目的 もくてき Purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention. What one is trying to achieve or the reason for doing something.
9. 効果 こうか Effect; effectiveness; efficacy; result. The outcome or impact of an action or treatment.
10. 程度 ていど Degree; amount; grade; standard. Also used after numbers to mean 'about' or 'approximately'.
11. 割合 わりあい Rate; ratio; percentage; proportion. The relative amount of one thing compared to another.
12. 比率 ひりつ Ratio; proportion; percentage. A numerical comparison between two or more quantities.
13. 平均 へいきん Average; mean. The central value of a set of numbers or a typical level.
14. 合計 ごうけい Sum total; total amount. The result of adding numbers or quantities together.
15. 最大 さいだい Biggest; greatest; largest; maximum. The highest degree or largest size possible.
16. 最小 さいしょう Smallest; least; minimum; minimal. The lowest degree or smallest size possible.
17. 範囲 はんい Extent; scope; sphere; range; span. The area or limits within which something applies.
18. 基本 きほん Basics; fundamentals; basis; foundation. The essential elements that everything else builds upon.
19. 応用 おうよう Practical application; putting to practical use. Applying learned knowledge or theory to real situations.
20. 手段 しゅだん Means; way; measure. A method or approach used to achieve a goal.
21. 過程 かてい Process; course; mechanism. The series of steps or stages through which something develops.
22. 事実 じじつ Fact; truth; reality. Something that has actually happened or is objectively true.
23. 真実 しんじつ Truth; reality. The genuine, deeper truth behind something.
24. 記憶 きおく Memory; recollection; remembrance. The ability to remember or the stored memories themselves.
25. 想像 そうぞう Imagination; supposition; guess. The mental act of forming images or ideas not present in reality.
26. 印象 いんしょう Impression; the feeling or image one gets from something or someone.
27. きっかけ きっかけ Trigger; opportunity; chance that starts something. The impetus or occasion for an event.
28. おかげ おかげ Thanks to; owing to. Expresses gratitude for a positive outcome caused by someone or something.
29. つもり つもり Intention; plan. Expresses what one intends or plans to do.
30. はず はず Should be; supposed to be; expected to be. Expresses a logical expectation or certainty.
31. 区 く Ward; district; borough. An administrative division of a city.
32. ガソリン がそりん Gasoline; petrol. Fuel used for cars and motorcycles.
33. やはり やはり As expected; after all; still; also. Confirms something matches one's expectations.
34. ステレオ すてれお Stereo; stereo system. An audio system that produces sound from two or more channels.
35. 医学 いがく Medical science; medicine as an academic field of study.
36. テキスト てきすと Textbook; text. A book or written material used for study.
37. 床屋 とこや Barber; barbershop. A shop where men get haircuts and shaves.
38. オートバイ おーとばい Motorcycle; motorbike. A two-wheeled motor vehicle.
39. 表 おもて Surface; front; outside. The visible or main side of something.
40. 大学生 だいがくせい University student; college student. A person enrolled in a four-year university.
41. 別 べつ Different; separate; another. Indicates distinction or separation between things.
42. ございます ございます To be; to exist. The most polite form of あります, used in formal and business contexts.
43. 郊外 こうがい Suburbs; outskirts. The residential areas surrounding a city centre.
44. 売り場 うりば Sales floor; department; counter where goods are sold.
45. 正月 しょうがつ New Year; New Year's Day. The most important holiday period in Japan.
46. うん うん Yeah; uh-huh; yes (informal). A casual affirmative response.
47. 屋上 おくじょう Rooftop; the top of a building. An open area on top of a structure.
48. ゴミ ごみ Rubbish; garbage; trash. Waste material to be discarded.
49. アフリカ あふりか Africa. The continent located south of Europe and southwest of Asia.
50. 贈り物 おくりもの A gift; a present. Something given to another person as a token of appreciation or celebration.
51. 泥棒 どろぼう A thief; a burglar. Someone who steals things from others.
52. レポート レポート A report; a written assignment or document. Commonly used for academic papers and business reports.
53. すると すると And then; thereupon. A conjunction used to describe something that happened as a natural result or consequence.
54. ガラス ガラス Glass; a glass pane. The material used in windows, cups, and various everyday objects.
55. 学部 がくぶ A department or faculty of a university. The organizational division within a university for a field of study.
56. エスカレーター エスカレーター An escalator. A moving staircase found in department stores, train stations, and public buildings.
57. 絹 きぬ Silk. A smooth, luxurious fabric produced from silkworm cocoons.
58. ガス ガス Gas. Refers to fuel gas used for cooking and heating, or gas in a general scientific sense.
59. 小説 しょうせつ A novel; a work of fiction. A written literary work of narrative prose.
60. 親 おや A parent. Refers to one's mother or father, or parents in general.
61. それに それに Moreover; besides; in addition. A conjunction used to add further information to what has already been said.
62. 西洋 せいよう The West; Western countries. A general term for Europe and the Americas as a cultural region.
63. パートタイム パートタイム Part-time work. Often shortened to パート, referring especially to part-time employment.
64. 時代 じだい An age; a period; an era. A span of time marked by particular characteristics or events.
65. 式 しき A ceremony; a style or formula. Used as a suffix meaning '~style' or '~ceremony.'
66. 〜建て だて A suffix meaning '~storied' or indicating a type of building structure. Used to describe the number of floors or building style.
67. 動物園 どうぶつえん A zoo; a zoological garden. A facility where animals are kept for public viewing and education.
68. だから だから So; therefore; that is why. A conjunction expressing a cause-and-effect relationship.
69. 畳 じょう A tatami mat counter; a unit for measuring room size. One 畳 equals the area of one standard tatami mat.
70. 地理 ちり Geography. The study of the physical features and human activity of the earth.
71. サンドイッチ サンドイッチ A sandwich. Bread with fillings in between, a popular light meal or snack.
72. 品物 しなもの Goods; merchandise; articles. Physical items or products, especially those for sale.
73. 人形 にんぎょう A doll; a figurine. A model of a human figure used as a toy, decoration, or in traditional ceremonies.
74. いくら〜ても いくら〜ても No matter how much ~; however much one may ~. An expression indicating that the result does not change regardless of effort or degree.
75. けんかする けんかする To quarrel; to fight; to have an argument. Refers to verbal or physical confrontations between people.
76. そんな そんな Such; like that; that sort of. A pre-noun adjectival referring to something near the listener or previously mentioned.
77. ぶどう ぶどう Grapes. A popular fruit eaten fresh, dried as raisins, or used to make wine and juice.
78. 世界 せかい The world; the globe. Can also refer to a realm, field, or sphere of activity.
79. 住所 じゅうしょ An address; a place of residence. The location where someone lives, used on official forms and mail.
80. 林 はやし A woods; a grove; a small forest. A cluster of trees, smaller than a dense forest.
81. 倍 ばい Double; twice; -fold. A counter or suffix indicating multiplication.
82. パパ パパ Papa; daddy. An informal, affectionate term for one's father.
83. 夫 おっと Husband. A neutral term used when referring to one's own husband.
84. 坂 さか A slope; a hill. An inclined section of road or path.
85. てしまう てしまう To end up doing ~; to finish completely. Expresses completion of an action or an unintended, regrettable result.
86. 飛行場 ひこうじょう An airport; an airfield. A place where aircraft take off and land.
87. 柔道 じゅうどう Judo. A Japanese martial art focused on throws and grappling techniques.
88. 事務所 じむしょ An office. A place where administrative or business work is conducted.
89. 美術館 びじゅつかん An art gallery; an art museum. A building where works of art are displayed for public viewing.
90. 文法 ぶんぽう Grammar. The set of rules governing how words are combined to form sentences in a language.
91. お礼 おれい An expression of gratitude; a thank-you. Can also refer to a gift given in return for a favor.
92. 歯医者 はいしゃ A dentist; a dental clinic. Refers to both the dental professional and the dental office.
93. お祭り おまつり A festival. A traditional celebration often involving shrines, parades, food stalls, and community gatherings.
94. 水道 すいどう Water supply; water service; a water line. The system that delivers tap water to buildings.
95. ベル ベル A bell. A device that produces a ringing sound, such as a doorbell or school bell.
96. 赤ん坊 あかんぼう A baby; an infant. A very young child, typically under one year old.
97. 辞典 じてん A dictionary; a reference book. A book used for looking up words, their meanings, and usage.
98. 員 いん Member; personnel. A suffix meaning 'a member of ~' or 'person in a role.'
99. 場所 ばしょ A place; a location; a spot. Refers to any physical position or area.
100. 受付 うけつけ Reception desk; receptionist. The place or person where visitors check in.
101. スクリーン スクリーン A screen. A flat surface used for displaying images or video.
102. または または Or; otherwise. A conjunction used to present alternatives.
103. けがする けがする To get injured; to get hurt. Refers to physical injury to a living being.
104. 以下 いか Less than; below; the following. Indicates something at or under a certain level.
105. ばかり ばかり Only; nothing but; just (did something). A particle expressing limitation or recency.
106. 心 こころ Heart; mind; spirit. The seat of emotions and thoughts.
107. 景色 けしき Scenery; landscape; view. The visual appearance of a natural or urban setting.
108. ステーキ ステーキ Steak. A thick cut of meat, typically beef, cooked by grilling or frying.
109. オーバー オーバー Overcoat; over, exceeding; exaggeration. A versatile loanword with multiple meanings.
110. ご主人 ごしゅじん Someone else's husband. A polite way to refer to another person's spouse.
111. お嬢さん おじょうさん Someone's daughter (polite); young lady. A respectful way to refer to another person's daughter.
112. アナウンサー アナウンサー An announcer; a news presenter. A person who reads news or makes announcements on TV or radio.
113. 消しゴム けしゴム An eraser; a rubber. Used to remove pencil marks from paper.
114. 海岸 かいがん Coast; seashore; beach. The area where land meets the sea.
115. お祝い おいわい Congratulations; celebration; a celebratory gift. Expressing joy for a happy occasion.
116. 乗り物 のりもの A vehicle; a means of transport. Anything one rides in or on.
117. 小鳥 ことり A small bird; a songbird. Refers to little birds such as sparrows, finches, or canaries.
118. ジャム ジャム Jam; a sweet fruit preserve spread on bread or toast.
119. 鏡 かがみ A mirror. A reflective surface used to see one's appearance.
120. 店員 てんいん A shop employee; a clerk; a store staff member.
121. チェックする チェックする To check; to verify; to inspect. To confirm or examine something.
122. ワープロ ワープロ A word processor. A device or software used for typing and editing text.
123. 手袋 てぶくろ Gloves; mittens. Hand coverings worn for warmth or protection.
124. 校長 こうちょう A principal; a headmaster. The person in charge of running a school.
125. 踊り おどり A dance; dancing. A general word for traditional or folk dance.
126. 興味 きょうみ Interest; curiosity. A feeling of wanting to learn more about something.
127. 都合 つごう Circumstances; convenience. Whether a time or situation works for someone.
128. 港 みなと A harbor; a port. A place where ships dock and cargo is loaded or unloaded.
129. 火事 かじ A fire (destructive); a conflagration. An uncontrolled fire that causes damage.
130. 教会 きょうかい A church. A building used for Christian worship services.
131. 彼ら かれら They; them. A third-person plural pronoun, typically referring to males or a mixed group.
132. 一杯 いっぱい Full; to the utmost; one cup/glass of. Used to express fullness or a single serving of a drink.
133. アメリカ アメリカ America; the United States of America. The most common Japanese word for the U.S.
134. 男性 だんせい A man; a male. The formal or neutral term for a male person.
135. おもちゃ おもちゃ A toy. An object for children to play with.
136. ちゃん ちゃん A suffix of endearment; used after names of children, close friends, or cute things.
137. あんな あんな Such; like that; that kind of. Refers to something distant from both speaker and listener.
138. 女性 じょせい A woman; a female. The formal or neutral term for a female person.
139. 隅 すみ A corner; a nook. The inner angle where two walls or edges meet.
140. 喉 のど The throat. The front part of the neck, or the passage for food and air.
141. 毛 け Hair; fur; wool. Fine strands growing from the skin of humans or animals.
142. サンダル サンダル Sandals. Open-toed footwear typically worn in warm weather.
143. びっくりする びっくりする To be surprised; to be startled. To feel shock or astonishment at something unexpected.
144. 講堂 こうどう An auditorium; a lecture hall. A large room or building used for assemblies and presentations.
145. 子 こ A child; a kid. Also used as a suffix in names and to refer to young animals.
146. レジ レジ A register; a checkout counter. The place in a store where you pay for items.
147. 通り とおり A street; an avenue. A road, especially one with a name in a town or city.
148. 下着 したぎ Underwear; undergarments. Clothing worn under outer garments.
149. 以外 いがい Other than; with the exception of. Used to exclude something from a group.
150. ハンバーグ ハンバーグ Hamburger steak; a ground meat patty served without a bun. A popular Western-style dish in Japan.
151. 引き出し ひきだし A drawer; a sliding compartment in a desk, dresser, or cabinet.
152. 遊び あそび Play; fun; recreation. The act of playing or amusing oneself.
153. お金持ち おかねもち A rich person; a wealthy individual. Someone who has a lot of money.
154. 道具 どうぐ A tool; an instrument or utensil. Equipment used for a particular purpose.
155. 以上 いじょう More than; above; that is all. Used for quantities exceeding a threshold or to signal the end of a statement.
156. まま まま As it is; unchanged; left in a certain state. Describes maintaining a current condition.
157. によると によると According to. Used to cite a source of information.
158. 妻 つま Wife (humble). Used to refer to one's own wife when speaking to others.
159. 帰り かえり Return; the way back; coming home. The act or time of going back.
160. 硬い かたい Hard; solid; firm. Describes something rigid or not easily bent or broken.
161. スーツ スーツ A suit; a matching jacket and trousers/skirt set worn for formal occasions.
162. 彼女 かのじょ She; her; girlfriend. A third-person feminine pronoun or a term for a romantic partner.
163. それで それで And so; because of that; thereupon. A conjunction indicating a result or continuation.
164. 市民 しみん Citizen; a resident of a city or municipality.
165. 指輪 ゆびわ A ring worn on the finger. Jewellery or an accessory placed on a finger.
166. 田舎 いなか Countryside; rural area. A place away from major cities.
167. 忘れ物 わすれもの A lost article; something forgotten or left behind.
168. 訳 わけ Reason; explanation; meaning. The underlying cause or logic behind something.
169. 日記 にっき A diary; a journal. A personal record of daily events and thoughts.
170. 寺 てら A Buddhist temple. A place of Buddhist worship and practice.
171. 息子 むすこ Son (humble). Used to refer to one's own son when speaking to others.
172. お子さん おこさん Someone else's child (polite). A respectful way to refer to another person's son or daughter.
173. 会場 かいじょう A venue; a meeting place. A location where an event, meeting, or ceremony is held.
174. 文学 ぶんがく Literature; literary works. Refers to written artistic expression including novels, poetry, and essays.
175. 光 ひかり Light; a ray or beam of light. Refers to visible brightness from the sun, lamps, or other sources.
176. お見舞い おみまい Visiting someone who is ill or injured; get-well visit. Also refers to a get-well gift.
177. 様 さま Mr., Mrs., Ms.; a very polite honorific suffix added to names. More formal than さん.
178. ご存知 ごぞんじ Knowing; being aware of. The polite form of 知っている (to know).
179. 字 じ A letter; a character. Refers to any written symbol such as kanji, hiragana, or katakana.
180. アジア アジア Asia. The largest continent, encompassing East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, and more.
181. 我 われ I; oneself. A literary or emphatic first-person pronoun.
182. 展覧会 てんらんかい An exhibition; a show or display. Typically refers to art or cultural exhibitions.
183. 様 さま Way; manner; kind; state. Describes how something looks or how a situation appears.
184. 沖 おき The open sea; offshore. The area of sea away from the shore.
185. 近所 きんじょ Neighbourhood; vicinity. The area near one's home or a particular location.
186. 君 きみ You. An informal second-person pronoun, typically used by men toward peers or those of lower status.
187. 格好 かっこう Appearance; shape; form; posture. How something or someone looks.
188. 回る まわる To go around; to revolve; to turn; to make rounds. Also used as 回す (to turn something, to rotate).
189. 君 くん Mr. (junior); Master. A suffix used after names of younger people or subordinates, especially boys.
190. スーパー スーパー Supermarket. A large store selling food, household goods, and daily necessities.
191. アクセサリー アクセサリー Accessory; jewellery. Decorative items worn on the body such as necklaces, rings, and earrings.
192. 仕方 しかた Way of doing something; method; means. Often used in the expression 仕方がない (it can't be helped).
193. 首 くび Neck. The body part connecting the head to the shoulders.
194. 代わり かわり Substitute; replacement; in place of. Something or someone that takes the place of another.
195. 工業 こうぎょう Manufacturing industry; industrial production. The sector of the economy that produces goods in factories.
196. スーツケース スーツケース Suitcase. A large, sturdy bag with wheels used for carrying clothes and belongings when travelling.
197. 研究室 けんきゅうしつ A professor's office; a laboratory; a research room. A room used for academic research at a university.
198. けれど けれど But; although; however. A conjunction used to connect contrasting clauses.
199. について について About; concerning; regarding. A particle phrase used to indicate the topic of discussion or inquiry.
200. コンサート コンサート A concert; a live music performance. Used for classical music, pop, rock, and other genres.
201. コンピューター コンピューター A computer; an electronic computing device used for work, study, and entertainment.
202. 両方 りょうほう Both; both sides; both parties. Refers to two things or people together.
203. 看護婦 かんごふ A female nurse. A healthcare professional who provides patient care in hospitals and clinics.
204. ガソリンスタンド ガソリンスタンド A gas station; a petrol station; a service station where vehicles are refuelled.
205. 嬢 じょう Daughter (humble); young lady. A respectful or humble term for a daughter or young woman.
206. 湯 ゆ Hot water; heated water. Also refers to bath water or hot spring water.
207. 糸 いと Thread; string; yarn. A thin strand of fibre used for sewing, weaving, or crafting.
208. ピアノ ピアノ A piano; a keyboard musical instrument. One of the most popular instruments studied in Japan.
209. 番組 ばんぐみ A broadcast programme; a TV or radio show. Content aired on television or radio.
210. 棚 たな A shelf; shelves; a rack. A flat surface fixed to a wall or frame for storing or displaying items.
211. 木綿 もめん Cotton; cotton fabric. A natural textile fibre used widely for clothing and household goods.
212. アルコール アルコール Alcohol; an alcoholic substance. Used for both beverages and chemical/medical contexts.
213. 神社 じんじゃ A Shinto shrine; a sacred place of worship in the Shinto religion.
214. 電報 でんぽう A telegram; a message sent by telegraph. A form of written communication transmitted electrically.
215. 家内 かない One's own wife (humble). A humble term used by a man to refer to his own wife when speaking to others.
216. これから これから From now on; after this; from this point forward. Indicates the time starting from the present moment.
217. 似る にる To resemble; to be similar; to look alike.
218. 席 せき Seat; one's place. A designated spot for sitting.