灭亡

• 병음: miè wáng
• 한자 분석: 灭 = 氵 (extinguish) + 一 (cover) — to put out; 亡 = 亡 — to flee, to be lost, to perish

뜻

멸망하다; 붕괴하다

Specifically used for the downfall of organised political entities — dynasties, nations, regimes. Unlike 灭绝 (biological or cultural extinction), 灭亡 carries a strong political and historical connotation, implying both conquest by external forces and internal collapse. Common in history texts, political philosophy, and patriotic discourse.

예문

1. 历史学家认为，西罗马帝国的灭亡并非单一事件，而是制度腐败、财政崩溃和外部压力长期累积的结果。
2. 亡国之痛是中国古典文学中反复出现的主题，诗人们以哀婉的笔触抒发对故国灭亡的悲怆，这些作品也成为后世研究历史情感记忆的重要文献。
3. 近代史学者指出，清王朝的灭亡并非偶然，而是列强入侵、内忧外患与统治阶层改革滞后相互叠加、长期积累的必然结果。

사용 가이드

맥락: history, politics, literature, philosophy, academic writing

어조: serious

올바른 표현

• 这位哲学家系统探讨了多个文明灭亡的规律，认为阶层固化和精英抵制变革是文明衰亡的核心原因之一。(This philosopher systematically examined patterns in the fall of many civilizations, arguing that social rigidity and elite resistance to change are among the key causes of civilizational decline.)
• 每逢国家公祭日，民众以庄重的仪式祭奠在抵御外敌入侵中牺牲的先烈，这种集体记忆的维护有助于铭记历史，防止国家再次陷入险遭灭亡的危机。(On National Memorial Day, people solemnly commemorate the martyrs who sacrificed their lives resisting foreign invasion; the maintenance of this collective memory helps keep history in mind and prevent the nation from again falling into a crisis threatening its very existence.)

피해야 할 표현

• 将'灭亡'用于描述个人的死亡或小型组织的解散 — 灭亡专指国家、王朝或重大政治实体的彻底覆灭，若描述个人死亡应用'去世''牺牲''逝世'，描述组织解散应用'解散''倒闭''瓦解' (Do not use 灭亡 for an individual's death or the dissolution of small organisations — 灭亡 is reserved for the complete collapse of states, dynasties, or major political entities; use 去世, 牺牲, or 逝世 for individual death, and 解散, 倒闭, or 瓦解 for organisational dissolution)

기원과 역사

灭 = to extinguish (see 灭绝); 亡 = a person disappearing behind a barrier — to flee, to be lost, to perish. Together: to be extinguished and perish entirely, with no remnant remaining.

문화적 배경

세대: All ages

사회적 배경: Universal