Defining vs Non-defining Clauses
Grammar Pattern
BritishAmericanAustralian
★★★★☆ Common
Neutral
含义: Essential vs extra information about nouns
关于名词的必要信息与附加信息
Información esencial vs extra sobre sustantivos
名詞についての必須情報と追加情報
명사에 대한 필수 정보와 추가 정보
Defining clauses identify which person/thing we mean (essential, no commas, 'that' okay). Non-defining clauses add extra information about something already identified (commas required, 'that' not allowed).
限定性从句确定我们指的是哪个人/物(必要信息,无逗号,可用'that')。非限定性从句为已确定的事物添加额外信息(需要逗号,不能用'that')。
Las cláusulas definidas identifican qué persona/cosa queremos decir (esencial, sin comas, 'that' permitido). Las no definidas agregan información extra sobre algo ya identificado (comas requeridas, 'that' no permitido).
限定的関係節はどの人/物かを特定します(必須、コンマなし、「that」可)。非限定的関係節は既に特定されたものに追加情報を加えます(コンマ必須、「that」不可)。
한정적 관계절은 어떤 사람/사물인지를 특정합니다(필수 정보, 쉼표 없음, 'that' 사용 가능). 비한정적 관계절은 이미 특정된 것에 추가 정보를 더합니다(쉼표 필수, 'that' 사용 불가).
例句
- The woman who called is my sister.' (defining: which woman?) 打电话来的那个女人是我姐姐。'(限定性:哪个女人?)La mujer que llamó es mi hermana.' (definida: ¿qué mujer?)電話してきた女性は私の姉です。'(限定的:どの女性?)전화한 여자는 내 언니입니다. (한정적: 어떤 여자?)
- My sister, who lives in Paris, called me.' (non-defining: extra info) 我姐姐,她住在巴黎,给我打了电话。'(非限定性:附加信息)Mi hermana, que vive en París, me llamó.' (no definida: información extra)私の姉は、パリに住んでいて、電話してきました。'(非限定的:追加情報)내 언니는, 파리에 살고 있는데, 나에게 전화했다. (비한정적: 추가 정보)
- The book that I read was good.' (defining) 我读的那本书很好。'(限定性)El libro que leí era bueno.' (definida)私が読んだ本は良かったです。'(限定的)내가 읽은 책은 좋았다. (한정적)
- War and Peace, which is very long, is a great novel.' (non-defining) 《战争与和平》,这本书很长,是一部伟大的小说。'(非限定性)Guerra y Paz, que es muy largo, es una gran novela.' (no definida)『戦争と平和』は、とても長いですが、素晴らしい小説です。'(非限定的)『전쟁과 평화』는, 매우 길지만, 훌륭한 소설이다. (비한정적)
发音
用法指南
语境: spoken, written, everyday
语气: descriptive
✓ 正确说法
- The car that I bought is red. (defining)我买的那辆车是红色的。(限定性)El coche que compré es rojo. (definida)私が買った車は赤いです。(限定的)내가 산 차는 빨간색이다. (한정적)
- My car, which I bought last year, is red. (non-defining)我的车,我去年买的,是红色的。(非限定性)Mi coche, que compré el año pasado, es rojo. (no definida)私の車は、去年買ったのですが、赤いです。(非限定的)내 차는, 작년에 산 것인데, 빨간색이다. (비한정적)
- People who work hard succeed. (defining)努力工作的人会成功。(限定性)La gente que trabaja duro tiene éxito. (definida)一生懸命働く人は成功します。(限定的)열심히 일하는 사람들은 성공한다. (한정적)
- My mother, who lives in London...我妈妈住在伦敦,她……Mi madre, que vive en Londres...ロンドンに住んでいる私の母は…런던에 사시는 우리 어머니는...
- The man who I met was nice.我遇到的那个人很好。El hombre que conocí era agradable.私が会ったその男性は素敵でした。내가 만난 그 남자는 좋은 사람이었습니다.
✗ 错误说法
- My mother, that lives in London... (use 'who' not 'that')My mother, that lives in London...(用'who'不用'that')My mother, that lives in London... (usar 'who', no 'that')My mother, that lives in London...(「that」ではなく「who」を使う)My mother, that lives in London...('that'가 아니라 'who'를 사용)
- The man, who I met, was nice. (no commas for defining)The man, who I met, was nice.(限定性从句不用逗号)The man, who I met, was nice. (las oraciones especificativas no llevan comas)The man, who I met, was nice.(限定的にはコンマ不要)The man, who I met, was nice.(한정적 관계절에는 쉼표 불필요)
起源与历史
Relative clause types in English
文化背景
Era: Modern
Generation: All ages
Social background: Universal
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what (relative)
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Using 'what' to mean 'the thing(s) that'
whose / where / when
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Relative pronouns for possession, place, and time
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Where to place prepositions with relative pronouns
which (referring to whole clause)
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Using which to refer to an entire statement
Non-defining Relative Clauses
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Extra, removable information about a noun
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