Connectors

Discourse markers and the subjunctive mood

简介

语篇标记（discourse markers）在更高层面上组织你的口语和写作：引入话题（regarding, as for）、排列顺序（first, finally）、举例说明（namely, for instance）、总结概括（in short, to sum up）。

虚拟语气——在suggest、demand、insist之后使用动词原形——是正式英语的标志。"I suggest that he leave"比"I suggest that he leaves"听起来更高级、更专业。

中文里我们用"关于""首先""总之"等连接词，功能类似，但英语的语篇标记体系更丰富细致。再加上虚拟语气的掌握，这些高级特征会让你的英语真正达到精通水平。

主题

本章全部英语语法（30）

• Discourse Markers Words and phrases that organize and signal discourse structure
• Subjunctive Mood Special verb form for wishes, demands, suggestions, and hypotheticals
• Concession Clauses Advanced ways to express 'although' and contrast
• Participle Clauses Using -ing and -ed forms to connect clauses concisely
• Linking Adverbials Transitional words that connect ideas between sentences
• Fixed Grammatical Expressions Idiomatic phrases with set grammatical patterns
• Hedging and Vague Language Softening statements and being deliberately vague
• Emphatic Particles and Adverbs Words that add emphasis or attitude
• inasmuch as / insofar as Expressing extent or degree of truth
• be that as it may / that said Acknowledging a point while continuing
• Mandative Subjunctive Base verb after verbs of demand, suggestion, necessity
• Formulaic Subjunctive Fixed expressions using subjunctive
• Introducing Topics: As for, Regarding Discourse markers for introducing topics
• Summarizing: In short, To sum up Discourse markers for concluding and summarizing
• Exemplifying: Namely, For instance Discourse markers for giving examples
• Much as / However much Expressing concession about degree or extent
• albeit / notwithstanding Formal concessive expressions
• lest (+ subjunctive) Formal expression meaning 'in case' or 'so that...not'
• Be that as it may Conceding a point while dismissing its importance
• That said / Having said that Introducing a contrasting or qualifying point
• Granted (that) Accepting a point as true before countering
• Much as / Much though Strong concession despite personal feelings
• However + adjective/adverb Expressing 'no matter how'
• Hedging with tend to / appear to / seem to Softening statements to avoid absolute claims
• Vague language (sort of, kind of, stuff, thing) Deliberately imprecise expressions
• Evidential stance markers Showing the source or certainty of information
• seeing (that) / given (that) Formal expressions for reason/cause
• in order to / so as to Formal purpose expressions
• Textual organizers (firstly, moreover, finally) Words that structure discourse
• Cohesive reference (the former, the latter, such) Words that refer back to previous content