Abstract Concepts

High-frequency abstract vocabulary

Introduction

Beyond concrete objects, we constantly discuss ideas, qualities, and abstract concepts. These high-frequency abstract words are essential for sophisticated communication.

This chapter covers abstract vocabulary that appears frequently in general English. You'll learn words for ideas, qualities, states, and concepts that help you express complex thoughts.

Themes

All Vocabulary (NGSL) in This Chapter (1595)

• be To exist or live; to have a particular quality, state, or identity
• and Used to connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance
• of Expressing the relationship between a part and a whole; belonging to
• to Expressing direction, destination, or the infinitive form of a verb
• a Used before a noun to indicate one single thing or person
• in Located inside a place, area, or container; during a period of time
• have To possess, own, or hold; used as an auxiliary verb for perfect tenses
• it Used to refer to a thing previously mentioned or easily identified
• you Used to refer to the person or people being addressed
• he Used to refer to a male person or animal previously mentioned
• for Indicating purpose, recipient, duration, or reason
• they Used to refer to people or things previously mentioned or easily identified
• not Used to make a word, phrase, or clause negative
• that Used to identify a specific person or thing; introducing a clause
• we Used by a speaker to refer to themselves and one or more other people
• on Physically touching and supported by a surface; happening at a particular time
• with Accompanied by; having or possessing; using
• this Used to identify a specific person or thing close at hand or being indicated
• i Used by a speaker to refer to himself or herself
• do To perform or carry out an action; used as an auxiliary verb
• as Used in comparisons; during the time that; because
• at Expressing location or arrival at a specific point; expressing a particular time
• she Used to refer to a female person or animal previously mentioned
• but Used to introduce something contrasting with what has been said
• from Indicating the point of origin in space, time, or source
• by Indicating the agent performing an action; near or beside; not later than
• will Expressing the future tense; expressing willingness or intention
• or Used to link alternatives; otherwise
• so To such a great extent; therefore; in order that
• all The whole quantity or extent of; every one of
• if Introducing a conditional clause; whether
• one The number 1; a single person or thing; used to refer to people in general
• would Past tense of will; expressing conditional or polite requests
• about On the subject of; approximately; in the area of
• can To be able to; to have permission to
• which Asking for information specifying one from a set; introducing additional info...
• there In, at, or to that place; used to introduce the existence of something
• more A greater or additional amount or degree
• who What or which person or people; the person that
• think To have a belief or opinion; to use the mind to consider
• make To create, produce, or cause to happen
• see To perceive with the eyes; to understand; to meet
• what Asking for information about something; the thing that
• up Towards a higher position; to a greater degree or amount
• some An unspecified amount or number of; approximately
• other Different from the one already mentioned; additional
• out Away from the inside; not at home; no longer burning or shining
• no Used to give a negative response; not any
• well In a good or satisfactory way; in good health; used to introduce a remark
• very In a high degree; extremely; actual or precise
• just Very recently; exactly; only; fair and reasonable
• could Past tense of can; used to express possibility or make polite requests
• than Used to introduce the second element in a comparison
• also In addition; too; as well
• into Expressing movement to a point inside; change of state
• only Solely; no more than; single or unique
• look To direct your eyes; to appear or seem
• give To freely transfer possession of something to someone
• new Recently made, discovered, or created; not existing before
• find To discover by searching or by chance; to consider or regard
• over Above; more than; finished; across
• any One or some, no matter which; used in questions and negatives
• where In or to what place or position; in which
• most The greatest in amount or degree; the majority of
• should Used to indicate obligation, expectation, or advice
• much A large amount; to a great extent or degree
• how In what manner or way; to what extent or degree
• mean To signify or indicate; unkind; an average
• even Used for emphasis; flat and level; divisible by two
• here In, at, or to this place or position
• such Of the type previously mentioned; to so great a degree
• really In actual fact; used to emphasise something as true or to express surprise
• through Moving from one side to another; by means of; from beginning to end
• change To make or become different; coins or money returned after a purchase
• long Of great length in space or time; to want something very much
• between In the space separating two things; in the interval separating two points
• too To a higher degree than desirable; in addition; also
• still Continuing to happen; not moving; nevertheless
• problem A matter that is difficult to deal with; a question to be solved
• same Identical; not different; unchanged
• lot A large amount or number; a group of items; a plot of land
• try To make an attempt; to test something; to examine in court
• number A mathematical value; a quantity; a telephone number
• both The two; the one as well as the other
• part A portion or section; a role in a play; to separate
• point A sharp end; a main idea; a unit of scoring; to indicate direction
• little Small in size or amount; young; not much
• help To assist; to make something easier; assistance
• another One more; a different one
• old Having lived for many years; former; of a specified age
• each Every one of two or more considered individually
• high Of great vertical extent; above normal level; important
• off Away from; not operating; from a place
• next Immediately following in time, order, or place
• why For what reason or purpose; used to ask about cause
• world The earth and all its inhabitants; a realm or domain
• might Used to express possibility; past tense of may; great power or strength
• must Used to express obligation, necessity, or logical conclusion
• include To contain as part of a whole; to make someone or something part of a group
• group A number of people or things together; to arrange into categories
• case An instance or example; a legal matter; a container
• around In a circle or on all sides; approximately; in various places
• seem To give the impression of being; to appear
• let To allow or permit; to rent out property
• again Once more; another time; returning to a previous state
• kind A type or category; having a gentle and caring nature
• big Of considerable size, extent, or importance
• set To put in a specified place or position; a group of things; fixed or rigid
• small Of limited size or extent; minor in importance
• follow To go or come after; to act according to; to understand
• since From a past time until now; because
• under Below or beneath; less than; subject to authority or influence
• few A small number of; not many
• state A condition or situation; a nation or territory; to express formally
• fact Something that is known to be true or to have happened
• however Despite that; nevertheless; in whatever way
• area A region or part of a place; a subject or field of activity
• provide To supply or make available something that is needed or wanted
• name A word or set of words by which a person, place, or thing is known
• large Of considerable or relatively great size, extent, or capacity
• without In the absence of; not having or using
• issue An important topic or problem; an edition of a magazine or newspaper
• against In opposition to; in contact with; in contrast to
• believe To accept something as true; to have faith or confidence in
• though Despite the fact that; however
• yes Used to give an affirmative response or express agreement
• increase To become or make greater in size, amount, or degree
• plan A detailed proposal for doing something; to decide on and arrange in advance
• result A consequence, effect, or outcome of an action
• offer To present something for someone to accept or reject
• young Having lived or existed for only a short time; not old
• thank To express gratitude to someone
• far At or to a great distance; by a great deal
• idea A thought or suggestion about a possible course of action
• less A smaller amount or degree; not as much
• until Up to a particular time or point
• form A shape, type, or document; to create or develop
• level A position on a scale; a flat horizontal surface; degree or amount
• experience Knowledge or skill gained over time; an event that affects you
• member A person who belongs to a group or organisation
• enough As much or as many as needed; sufficiently
• bad Of poor quality; unpleasant; harmful or wrong
• able Having the power, skill, or means to do something
• whether Used to express a choice or doubt between alternatives
• line A long narrow mark; a row of people or things; a route
• side A surface, edge, or area; a position in a conflict or debate
• quite Fairly, to a certain degree; completely
• although Despite the fact that; even though
• sure Certain, confident; yes (informal agreement)
• term A word or expression; a fixed period; conditions of an agreement
• least The smallest amount or degree; to the minimum extent
• age The length of time someone has lived; a historical period
• low Not high in position, amount, or intensity; below average
• within Inside; not beyond a particular limit; during a period of time
• possible Able to be done or achieved; perhaps true
• actually In fact; in reality; used to correct or contradict
• rather Somewhat; to a certain degree; preferably
• view What can be seen; an opinion; to look at or consider
• consider To think carefully about; to regard as; to take into account
• hard Solid and firm; difficult; with great effort
• party A social gathering; a political organisation; a person or group involved in s...
• local Relating to a particular place or area nearby; a person who lives in an area
• control Power to direct or manage; to have power over; to regulate
• product Something made or manufactured; the result of a process
• almost Very nearly; not quite
• continue To keep doing something; to go on without stopping
• whole Complete, entire; all of something
• yet Up until now; still; but, however
• rate A measure or speed of something; a charge or price; to evaluate
• expect To think something will happen; to require or demand
• effect A result or consequence; an impression produced
• sort A type or kind; to arrange or organise
• ever At any time; always
• fall To drop down from a higher position; a decrease; autumn (American)
• deal An agreement or transaction; a large amount; to handle or distribute
• allow To permit or let something happen; to make possible
• base The bottom or foundation; to use as a starting point
• probably Most likely; in all probability
• center The middle point or place; a building for specific activities
• grow To increase in size or develop; to cultivate plants
• matter A subject or situation; physical substance; to be important
• mind The thinking part of a person; to object to; to be careful about
• record Written account or evidence; best performance; to store information
• stay To remain in a place; to continue in a state; a period of staying
• force Physical strength or power; to make someone do something
• stop To cease movement or action; a place where buses or trains halt
• several More than two but not very many
• remember To recall or keep in mind; to not forget to do something
• bit A small amount or piece of something; slightly or to some degree
• real Actually existing or happening; genuine, not fake or imaginary
• figure A number or numerical symbol; a person's body shape; to calculate or understand
• decide To make a choice or reach a conclusion after considering options
• half One of two equal parts; 50 percent of something
• break To separate into pieces by force; a pause or interruption; a period of rest
• either One or the other of two; used in negative statements to mean also
• per For each; for every unit of
• remain To stay in the same place or condition; to continue to exist
• top The highest point or part; the best or most important; a piece of clothing fo...
• among In the middle of or surrounded by; included in a group
• color The property of objects that produces different sensations on the eye (Britis...
• involve To include as a necessary part; to make someone take part in something
• reach To arrive at a place; to stretch out your arm to touch or get something
• social Relating to society or its organisation; relating to interaction between people
• across From one side to the other; on the opposite side
• note A short written message; a musical sound; to notice or pay attention to
• along Moving forward on a path; in a line beside something; accompanying someone
• type A category or kind of thing; to write using a keyboard
• free Not costing money; not restricted or controlled; to release from captivity
• receive To get or be given something; to experience or be subjected to
• sale The act of selling something; a period when goods are sold at reduced prices
• further To a greater degree or extent; additional; to advance or promote something
• require To need something or make it necessary
• wait To stay in place expecting something to happen
• easy Not difficult; achieved without great effort
• full Containing as much as possible; complete
• black The darkest colour; the opposite of white
• sense A faculty for perceiving; good judgement; meaning
• perhaps Possibly; maybe
• add To put something together with something else; to calculate the total
• pass To go past; to succeed in an exam; to hand something to someone
• short Not long in length, distance, or time; lacking
• cover To place something over; to include or deal with
• activity Something done for interest or purpose; the state of being active
• shop A place where goods are sold; to buy things
• major Very important or significant; a military rank
• someone An unspecified or unknown person
• above At a higher level or position than; more than
• design To plan and create something; a plan or pattern
• special Different from normal; unique or for a particular purpose
• condition The state of something; a requirement; a health problem
• choose To select from options; to decide on something
• decision A choice or conclusion reached after consideration
• certain Sure; without doubt; particular but not named
• main Chief in size, importance, or extent; principal
• die To cease living; to stop functioning or existing
• cut To divide or separate with a sharp instrument; to reduce
• himself Used to refer back to a male subject; used for emphasis
• especially Particularly; to a greater degree than usual
• rise To move upward; to increase in amount or level
• else In addition; different; otherwise
• particular Specific; special; fussy about details
• role A function or position; a part played by an actor
• join To become a member of; to connect or combine
• difficult Hard to do, understand, or deal with; challenging
• please Used to add politeness to requests; to give pleasure or satisfaction
• detail A small individual feature or item; a minor aspect
• difference The way in which things are not the same; a disagreement
• action The process of doing something; a deed or activity
• step A movement made by lifting the foot and putting it down; a stage in a process
• true In accordance with fact; genuine or real
• themselves Used to refer back to a plural subject; used for emphasis
• model A representation or example; a person who poses or displays clothes
• raise To lift up; to increase; to bring up children or animals
• front The forward part or side; the area before something
• outside On or to the exterior; not within a place or group
• behind At the back of; supporting; later than expected
• economic Relating to the economy, trade, or the management of money
• sign A notice giving information; an indication; to write one's name
• amount A quantity or sum of something
• regard To consider or think of in a particular way; respect or attention
• organization A group of people working together for a purpose; the act of arranging things
• act To do something; a thing done; a law passed by parliament
• range A variety of different things; the extent between limits
• quality The standard of something; a characteristic or feature
• round Circular in shape; a stage in a competition; around
• accord Agreement or harmony; to give or grant
• list A series of items written or printed together; to include in a list
• wish To want something to happen or be true; a desire or hope
• therefore For that reason; as a result; consequently
• kill To cause the death of; to end or destroy something
• certainly Without doubt; yes, of course
• itself Used to refer back to a thing previously mentioned; used for emphasis
• security Protection from danger or harm; a feeling of safety
• risk The possibility of something bad happening; to expose to danger
• percent One part in every hundred; the rate per hundred
• focus The centre of interest or attention; to concentrate on something
• stage A phase or step in a process; a platform for performances
• space An area or expanse; room to move or fit; outer space
• realize To become aware of something; to make something happen
• chance A possibility or opportunity; luck or fortune
• common Occurring frequently; shared by many; ordinary
• culture The customs, arts, and beliefs of a society; refined taste
• total The complete amount; absolute; to add up to
• material Physical substance; fabric; information or content
• limit A point beyond which something cannot go; to restrict
• due Expected at a certain time; owed; caused by
• wrong Not correct or true; immoral or unjust
• effort Physical or mental exertion; an attempt to do something
• attention The act of focusing the mind; notice or interest
• upon On; immediately after; about to happen
• check To examine or verify; to stop or control; a pattern of squares
• complete Having all parts; to finish; total or absolute
• lie To say something untrue; to be in a horizontal position
• pick To choose or select; to gather by hand; to take individual items
• reduce To make smaller or less; to decrease
• ground The surface of the earth; a reason or basis; an area for a purpose
• exist To be real or present; to live
• similar Like something else but not exactly the same
• fight To struggle physically or with effort; a battle or conflict
• fine Of high quality; satisfactory; a penalty payment; thin or delicate
• former Previous; belonging to an earlier time; the first of two mentioned
• contact Communication or connection; to get in touch with someone
• particularly Especially; to a higher degree than usual or than others
• response A reply or reaction to something
• piece A part or portion of something; an individual item
• suppose To assume or believe something is true; to be expected to
• compare To examine similarities and differences between things
• store A shop; a supply of something; to keep for future use
• laugh To make sounds expressing amusement; a sound of laughter
• source The origin or cause of something; a place where something comes from
• simply In a simple way; just; absolutely
• firm A business company; solid and hard; determined and resolute
• fast Moving or able to move quickly; firmly fixed; to not eat for a period
• attack To use violence against; a sudden occurrence of illness; aggressive criticism
• factor A circumstance that contributes to a result; a number in multiplication
• pretty Attractive in a delicate way; fairly or quite
• affect To have an influence on; to cause a change in someone or something
• drop To fall or let fall; a small amount of liquid; a decrease
• official Authorised or approved; a person holding public office
• miss To fail to hit, catch, or reach; to feel sad about absence; a title for an un...
• private Personal and not for sharing; not public or government-owned
• page One side of a sheet of paper in a book; a webpage; to call someone
• opinion A personal view or judgement about something
• park A public green space for recreation; to leave a vehicle somewhere
• inside The inner part, surface, or area of something
• contain To have or hold something within; to keep something under control
• wonder To feel curiosity or desire to know something; a feeling of amazement
• structure The way in which parts are arranged to form a whole; a building or framework
• section A distinct part of something larger, such as a document or organisation
• myself Reflexive pronoun used when the speaker is both subject and object; used for ...
• exactly In a precise manner; without any deviation; used to confirm agreement
• press To push firmly; newspapers and journalists collectively; a printing machine
• necessary Needed or essential for a particular purpose
• region A large area of land with particular characteristics; an administrative area
• growth The process of increasing in size, number, value, or importance
• evening The period of time at the end of the day, usually from about 6 pm to bedtime
• respect Admiration for someone based on their qualities; due regard for others' feelings
• various Different from one another; of different kinds or sorts
• thus As a result of this; in this way (formal)
• skill The ability to do something well, usually acquired through training and exper...
• attempt To try to do something, especially something difficult; an effort to achieve ...
• simple Easy to understand, do, or use; plain or basic
• medium Of middle size, quality, or degree; a means of communication
• average A typical or normal number or amount; ordinary or not exceptional
• character The distinctive qualities of a person; a person in a story; a letter or symbol
• establish To set up or create something on a firm basis; to prove something to be true
• indeed Used to emphasise a statement; in fact; used to confirm something
• guy An informal term for a man or boy; in plural, used to address a group of people
• size The overall dimensions, magnitude, or extent of something
• behavior The way in which a person, animal, or thing acts or conducts itself
• addition The act of adding something; something that has been added; mathematical sum
• determine To discover the facts; to firmly decide; to be the decisive factor
• population All the inhabitants of a particular place; the total number of people
• fail To be unsuccessful; to not achieve the desired outcome
• production The process of making or manufacturing goods; the amount produced
• contract A written legal agreement; to make a formal agreement; to become smaller
• enter To come or go into a place; to begin to take part in something
• occur To happen or take place, especially unexpectedly
• alone Without any other people; by oneself
• significant Important or large enough to have an effect or be noticed
• series A number of similar things or events coming one after another
• direct Going straight to a place without stopping; to guide or manage
• success The achievement of a goal or the favourable outcome of something attempted
• director A person who manages or oversees an organisation or creative project
• lack The state of being without something or not having enough of it
• review A formal assessment or examination; a critical appraisal of a book, film, etc.
• recognize To identify someone or something from previous knowledge; to acknowledge
• purpose The reason for which something is done or the intended aim
• gain To obtain or acquire something; an increase or profit
• board A flat piece of wood or other material; a group of people who manage an organ...
• mark A visible impression or sign; a grade given for schoolwork
• church A building used for Christian religious services; an organised Christian group
• achieve To successfully reach a desired goal or result through effort
• item A single thing, especially one that is part of a list or collection
• cent A monetary unit equal to one hundredth of a dollar or euro
• stuff Things, objects, or matters in a general or unspecified way
• wide Having a large distance from one side to the other; extending over a large area
• anyone Any person, without specifying who
• method A systematic way of doing something; a planned procedure
• analysis Detailed examination of something to understand or explain it
• club An organisation of people with a common interest; a venue for entertainment
• below At a lower level or position than something else
• sorry Feeling regret or sympathy; used to apologise
• statement A definite or clear expression of something in speech or writing
• link A connection between two things; to connect or associate
• despite Without being affected by; in spite of
• introduce To make someone known to another person; to bring something into use for the ...
• advantage A condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable position
• strike To hit forcefully; a work stoppage by employees
• seek To try to find or obtain something; to look for
• ability The capacity or power to do something
• unit A single thing or person regarded as part of a whole; a standard quantity
• quickly At a fast speed; in a short time
• interview A formal meeting to assess someone's suitability; a conversation for publication
• release To set free; to make available to the public
• solution A means of solving a problem; a liquid mixture
• capital The chief city of a country; wealth used to generate more wealth
• popular Liked or admired by many people; widely enjoyed
• specific Clearly defined or identified; particular
• beautiful Very pleasing to look at or listen to; having beauty
• aim A purpose or intention; to point or direct toward a target
• serious Requiring careful thought; not joking or frivolous
• pull To exert force on something to move it toward oneself
• red The colour at the end of the visible spectrum; resembling blood or fire
• access The ability or right to enter, reach, or use something
• movement The act of moving or changing position; a group working for a cause
• identify To recognise or establish who or what someone or something is
• shall Used to express the future or to make offers, suggestions, or ask for advice
• modern Relating to the present time or recent times; using the latest techniques
• pressure The force exerted on a surface; the stress of urgent demands
• yourself Used to refer to the person being addressed as the object of a verb or prepos...
• supply To provide something needed; a stock of something available for use
• village A small community or settlement smaller than a town
• natural Existing in or produced by nature; normal or expected
• beyond On the farther side of; more than or above
• potential Having the capacity to develop into something in the future
• trouble Difficulty, problems, or a state of distress or danger
• relation A connection between things, or a member of one's family
• touch To make physical contact with something, or affect emotionally
• middle The central point or position, equally distant from edges or ends
• bar A long rigid piece of material, or a place serving drinks
• strategy A plan of action designed to achieve a long-term or overall aim
• deep Extending far down or in from the surface or edge
• except Not including; other than
• advance To move forward, or progress in development
• fill To make something full, or to become full
• operation An organised activity, or a medical procedure
• avoid To keep away from something or prevent something from happening
• normal Usual, typical, or expected
• associate To connect or link things; a colleague or partner
• blue The colour of the sky; feeling sad
• option A choice or alternative available in a situation
• box A container with flat sides
• huge Extremely large in size, amount, or degree
• instance A particular example or occurrence of something
• style A distinctive manner of doing something; fashion
• refer To mention or direct someone to a source of information
• push To exert force on something to move it away
• assume To accept something as true without proof; to take on
• successful Having achieved desired aims or prosperity
• doubt A feeling of uncertainty; to feel uncertain about
• theory A system of ideas to explain something
• propose To put forward an idea; to ask someone to marry you
• reference A mention of something; a source of information
• argument A disagreement; a reason given to support a position
• document An official paper or file; to record information
• pattern A repeated design; a regular form or sequence
• obviously In a way that is easily seen or understood; clearly
• separate To divide or keep apart; not joined or connected
• central In the middle; of main importance
• throughout In every part of; during the whole period of
• guess To estimate or suppose without certain knowledge
• protect To keep safe from harm or injury
• resource A supply of something that can be used; available assets
• balance An even distribution of weight; stability; remainder of money
• damage Physical harm that reduces value or usefulness; to cause harm
• basis The foundation or underlying principle of something
• author A person who writes books, articles, or other texts
• basic Fundamental; forming an essential foundation
• encourage To give support, confidence, or hope to someone
• operate To function or work; to control a machine; to perform surgery
• reflect To throw back light or an image; to think deeply about
• property A building or land; a quality or characteristic; things owned
• dark Having little or no light; a deep shade of colour
• imagine To form a mental picture; to suppose or assume
• okay Acceptable; satisfactory; used to express agreement
• post Mail; a job position; to send or publish
• define To state the meaning of; to establish clearly
• conclusion The end or final part; a judgement reached by reasoning
• perform To carry out an action or task; to entertain an audience
• mine Belonging to me; a place where minerals are extracted
• memory The ability to remember; a recollection of the past
• green A colour between blue and yellow; environmentally friendly
• object A physical thing; a goal; to express disagreement
• maintain To keep in good condition; to continue; to firmly state
• ring A circular band; a bell sound; to telephone (British)
• dead No longer alive; completely without activity or power
• prefer To like one thing better than another
• possibility Something that might happen or be true; a chance
• facility A building or place for a particular purpose; an ability to do something easily
• variety A range of different things; a particular type within a category
• track A path or road; a piece of music; to follow or monitor
• completely Totally or entirely; with nothing missing
• responsibility A duty to deal with something; being accountable for one's actions
• original First or earliest; not a copy; creative and new
• dream Images and sensations during sleep; a cherished hope or ambition
• nor Used to add another negative statement; and not
• easily Without difficulty; without doubt; by far
• agency An organisation that provides a particular service; the capacity to act
• cross To go from one side to another; a shape with two lines crossing; annoyed
• yeah An informal way of saying yes
• proposal A formal plan or suggestion; an offer of marriage
• version A particular form of something; someone's account of events
• pound The British currency (£); a unit of weight; to hit repeatedly
• magazine A periodical publication with articles and pictures
• shape The external form of something; physical condition; to form or influence
• immediately At once; without delay; very soon after
• agent A person who acts on behalf of another; a spy; a substance that causes change
• traditional Following customs passed down over time; conventional
• herself The reflexive form of she; used for emphasis
• suddenly Quickly and unexpectedly; without warning
• estimate An approximate calculation; to roughly calculate or judge
• favorite Preferred above all others; a person or thing that is liked most (British spe...
• difficulty The state of being hard to do or understand; a problem or obstacle
• purchase To buy something, or something that has been bought
• the The definite article used to refer to specific things or people
• unless Except if; used to introduce a condition
• survey A detailed study or examination; a set of questions for gathering information
• majority The greater number or part of something; more than half
• stick A thin piece of wood; to attach or remain fixed
• none Not any; no one
• exchange To give something and receive something else in return
• block A solid piece of material; to obstruct or prevent
• count To determine the total number; to be important or significant
• scene A place where an event occurs; a section of a play or film
• content What is contained in something; satisfied or pleased
• safe Protected from danger or risk; a secure container
• invite To ask someone to come to an event or place
• mix To combine different things together
• element A part or component; a basic substance in chemistry
• effective Producing the desired result; working well
• correct Free from error; to fix a mistake
• committee A group of people appointed to perform a specific function
• glass A transparent material; a container for drinking
• trial A legal proceeding; a test or experiment
• administration The management of public or business affairs; a government in office
• complex Consisting of many interconnected parts; not simple
• directly In a straight line or manner; without intermediary; immediately
• heavy Of great weight; intense or severe
• conduct To carry out or organise an activity; behaviour
• equipment The tools, machines, or items needed for a particular purpose
• otherwise In a different way; or else; apart from that
• title The name of a book, film, or work; a word indicating rank or profession
• extra Additional; more than usual or expected
• executive A senior manager in a company; relating to making decisions
• sample A small part representing the whole; to try or test
• sex The biological category of male or female; sexual activity
• connection A link or relationship between things or people
• primary Most important; first or earliest; relating to primary school
• collect To gather together; to pick up from a place
• inform To give information to someone; to tell officially
• principle A fundamental truth or belief; a moral rule
• straight Not curved or bent; directly; honest; in a row
• highly To a great degree; very much
• trust Firm belief in someone's reliability; to believe in someone
• wonderful Extremely good; marvellous; inspiring delight
• flat Level and smooth; an apartment; a deflated tyre; exactly
• absolutely Completely; without any doubt; used to agree strongly
• flow To move steadily and continuously; the movement of something
• additional Extra; more than what is usual or expected
• responsible Having a duty to deal with something; being the cause of something
• collection A group of items gathered together; the act of collecting
• hang To attach something from above; to spend time casually
• negative Bad or harmful; expressing refusal; less than zero
• relative A family member; compared to something else; not absolute
• alternative Another option or choice; different from the usual
• attitude A way of thinking or feeling about something; manner
• double Twice as much; consisting of two parts; to increase twofold
• progress Movement forward; improvement or development
• truth The quality of being true; the real facts about something
• lay To put something down flat; past tense of 'lie'
• speed How fast something moves or happens; to go quickly
• perfect Without any faults; completely suitable; to make something flawless
• overall Taking everything into account; general; a protective garment
• slow Not moving or happening quickly; to reduce speed
• regular Happening frequently or at fixed intervals; normal or standard
• physical Relating to the body rather than the mind; relating to things you can touch
• apart Separated by a distance; into pieces; except for
• suit A set of matching jacket and trousers; to be appropriate for; a legal case
• federal Relating to a system where states unite under a central government
• reveal To make something known that was previously hidden or secret
• percentage A rate or proportion expressed as a fraction of 100
• status Position or rank in relation to others; current state or condition
• decline To decrease or become worse; to politely refuse
• launch To start or introduce something new; to send something into the air or water
• consumer A person who buys and uses goods or services
• favor A kind or helpful act; to prefer or support (British spelling: favour)
• institution An important organisation; an established custom or practice
• spot A particular place; a small mark; to notice or see
• excite To cause strong feelings of enthusiasm or nervousness
• guide A person who shows the way; a book giving information; to lead or direct
• grant To give formally; money given for a purpose; to admit something is true
• sector A part or division of something, especially of the economy or society
• ensure To make certain that something happens or is the case
• chief A leader or head of an organisation, or most important
• expert A person with extensive knowledge or skill in a particular area
• wave A ridge of water moving across the sea, or to move your hand in greeting
• south The direction opposite to north, or the southern part of a region
• edge The outer limit or boundary of something; a sharp cutting side
• camp A place with temporary accommodation, or to stay in tents outdoors
• procedure An established way of doing something, or a medical operation
• global Relating to the whole world; comprehensive
• struggle To make great efforts to achieve something difficult; a difficult task
• advertise To promote a product, service, or event publicly to encourage sales
• select To choose something carefully from a group
• surround To be all around something or someone on all sides
• extent The degree, size, or scope of something
• fully Completely or to the greatest possible extent
• contrast A noticeable difference between two things when compared
• roll To move by turning over or to make something into a cylindrical shape
• reality The state of things as they actually exist, rather than as imagined
• conflict A serious disagreement or argument, or a state of opposition between ideas or...
• entire With no part left out; whole or complete
• presence The state of being in a particular place or the impressive quality of someone...
• crowd A large number of people gathered together in one place
• corner A point where two lines, edges, or surfaces meet; an angle
• gas A substance in a state that has no fixed shape and expands freely to fill any...
• shift To move or change from one position or direction to another
• net A material made of threads or cords that are woven together, or the final amo...
• secretary A person employed to handle correspondence and administrative tasks, or a sen...
• defense The action of protecting someone or something from attack; also spelled 'defe...
• quick Moving fast or taking a short time; done with speed
• scale The size or extent of something, or a device for measuring weight
• cry To produce tears from the eyes due to emotion, or to call out loudly
• introduction The act of presenting someone or something for the first time, or the opening...
• requirement Something that is needed or must be done; a necessary condition
• north The direction towards the North Pole, or the northern part of a place
• confirm To state or show that something is definitely true or correct
• senior Higher in rank or older in age; relating to the elderly or to final-year stud...
• emerge To come out from somewhere or to become known or apparent
• reform To make changes to something in order to improve it
• neither Not one nor the other of two people or things
• survive To continue to live or exist despite danger, hardship, or difficulty
• left The direction or side opposite to the right, or remaining after others have gone
• solve To find an answer to a problem or a way to deal with a difficult situation
• technique A particular method or way of doing something, especially one requiring skill
• traffic Vehicles moving on a road, or the movement of people, goods, or information
• tool An implement or device used to carry out a particular function, especially to...
• consequence A result or effect of an action or situation
• circumstance The conditions or facts that affect a situation
• smoke The visible suspension of particles in the air produced by burning, or to inh...
• reaction A response to something, whether physical, emotional, or chemical
• mass A large quantity or body of something, or in physics, the amount of matter in...
• contribute To give something (money, time, ideas) to help achieve something or add to so...
• failure The lack of success or the omission of expected action
• schedule A plan that lists when things should happen, or a timetable
• bottom The lowest part or point of something
• adopt To legally take another's child as your own, or to choose to take up an idea,...
• waste To use something carelessly or for no purpose, or unwanted materials and rubbish
• hide To put or keep something out of sight, or to conceal oneself
• marriage The legally or formally recognised union of two people as partners
• plus In addition to, or an advantage
• extremely To a very high degree
• commercial Related to trade or business, or an advertisement
• lady A polite or formal way to refer to a woman
• duty A moral or legal obligation, or a tax on goods
• strength The quality of being physically or mentally strong
• connect To join or link things together
• cultural Related to culture, arts, or customs
• arrange To put things in order, or to make plans
• scheme A plan or programme, especially an official one
• unfortunately Regrettably, used to express disappointment
• brief Lasting for a short time, or a summary document
• demonstrate To show or prove something clearly
• contribution Something given to help achieve a goal
• aid Help or support given to those in need; something that helps
• safety The condition of being protected from danger, risk, or injury
• quiet Making little or no noise; calm and peaceful
• divide To separate into parts; to share; to cause disagreement
• length The measurement of something from end to end; duration of time
• investigation A formal examination of facts or a situation, especially by police
• somewhere In or to some place; used when the exact place is not specified
• expand To become or make larger; to increase in size, number, or importance
• commit To do something illegal or wrong; to dedicate oneself to something
• obvious Easy to see or understand; clear; evident
• secret Information kept hidden from others; something not revealed
• apparently As far as one knows; seemingly; evidently
• trend A general direction of change; a fashion or pattern
• critical Expressing disapproval; extremely important; at a crisis point
• mostly For the most part; mainly; almost entirely
• essential Absolutely necessary; extremely important; basic items
• powerful Having great strength, influence, or effect
• crisis A time of intense difficulty, danger, or uncertainty
• active Engaged in action; energetic; functioning or operating
• conclude To bring to an end; to form a final opinion based on evidence
• religious Relating to religion or faith; devoutly practising a religion
• convince To persuade someone to believe something or to do something
• vary To differ or change; to make something different
• blow To move air from the mouth; for wind to move; a hard hit or setback
• volume The amount of space something occupies; loudness of sound; a book in a series
• proceed To continue or go forward; money obtained from an event
• tape A long narrow strip of material, adhesive or for recording
• whereas Used to contrast two facts or ideas
• sum The total when numbers are added; an amount of money
• murder The unlawful killing of another person with intent
• monitor To watch and check over time; a display device
• soldier A person who serves in an army
• finance The management of money; to provide money for something
• shock A sudden disturbance or surprise; a serious medical condition
• usual What normally happens or is done; customary
• cycle A series of events that repeat; a bicycle; to ride a bicycle
• totally Completely; entirely; used for emphasis
• construction The process of building something; the building industry
• objective A goal or aim; based on facts rather than feelings
• moreover In addition; furthermore (formal)
• onto Moving to a position on a surface; aware of something
• historical Relating to or concerning history; of the past
• oppose To disagree with and try to prevent; to compete against
• branch A part of a tree; a division of a company or subject
• vehicle A machine for transporting people or goods; a means of expression
• bind To tie or fasten tightly; to obligate legally
• belong To be the property of; to be a member of; to fit in
• fashion A popular style of clothes or behaviour; a manner of doing something
• danger The possibility of harm or injury; a threat
• bomb An explosive device; to attack with bombs; to fail spectacularly
• dangerous Likely to cause harm or injury; risky
• decrease To become or make smaller in size, amount, or degree
• hurt To cause pain or injury; to feel pain; emotional distress
• council A group of people who manage or advise; local government body
• editor A person who prepares text for publication; software for editing
• normally Usually; under normal circumstances; in a normal way
• sight The ability to see; something seen; a tourist attraction
• gift Something given freely; a natural talent or ability
• guest A person invited to visit or stay; a customer at a hotel
• quote To repeat someone's words; a repeated phrase; a price estimate
• climb To go up something using hands and feet; to rise or increase
• mainly For the most part; chiefly; primarily
• noise Unwanted or unpleasant sound; any sound
• gun A weapon that fires bullets; a device that shoots something
• square A shape with four equal sides; a public open space; to multiply by itself
• occasion A particular time or event; a special event; a reason
• familiar Well known from experience; having knowledge of something
• ignore To deliberately pay no attention to; to disregard
• destroy To damage something so badly that it no longer exists or works
• civil Relating to citizens or the state; polite but not friendly
• domestic Relating to the home, family life, or one's own country
• load Something being carried or transported; amount of work
• belief The acceptance that something is true; faith or conviction
• troop Soldiers or military units; a group of people or animals
• remind To cause someone to remember something
• arrangement The way things are organised; plans or preparations
• switch A device for controlling electricity; to change or exchange
• acquire To gain or obtain something through effort or experience
• corporate Relating to a large company or business organisation
• participate To take part in an activity or event
• tough Difficult, demanding, or physically strong and resilient
• shake To move something quickly back and forth or up and down
• assessment The act of judging or evaluating something; a test or evaluation
• ought Used to indicate duty, correctness, or what is advisable
• ad Short for advertisement; a notice promoting a product or service
• regulation An official rule or law; the act of controlling something
• escape To get away from a place, situation, or danger
• studio A room or building for artistic work, recording, or broadcasting
• proper Correct, appropriate, or real; done in the right way
• component A part or element of a larger whole
• suspect To believe something is likely or possible; a person thought to have committe...
• description A spoken or written account of what something or someone is like
• confidence A feeling of trust in oneself or others; a secret shared between people
• industrial Related to industry, manufacturing, or factories
• complain To express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something
• perspective A particular way of viewing things; a sense of proportion
• error A mistake; something incorrectly done or thought
• assess To evaluate or estimate the nature, value, or quality of something
• register To officially record information; an official list or record
• asset A useful or valuable thing or person; property owned by a company
• signal A gesture, sound, or light that conveys information; to indicate
• relevant Connected or appropriate to the matter being discussed
• explore To travel through an unfamiliar area; to examine something thoroughly
• commitment A dedication to something; an obligation or engagement
• necessarily As a natural or logical result; inevitably
• frame A rigid structure surrounding something; to put a border around; to construct
• slowly At a slow speed; gradually
• bond A connection or relationship; a financial investment; to join together
• hole An opening or gap in something solid; a hollow place
• tie To fasten with string or rope; a necktie; an equal score
• internal Inside something; relating to the inside of an organisation or country
• chain A series of connected metal links; a series of connected things
• literature Written works, especially those with artistic merit; written material on a su...
• division The act of separating into parts; disagreement; a section of an organisation
• amaze To surprise someone greatly; to fill with wonder
• birth The process of being born; the beginning of something
• root The underground part of a plant; the basic cause or origin
• expense The cost of something; money spent
• channel A television station; a passage for water; a means of communication
• rank A position in a hierarchy; to give or have a position
• typical Showing the usual characteristics of a particular type
• west The direction where the sun sets; Western countries collectively
• resident Someone who lives in a particular place; living in a place
• provision The action of supplying; a condition in an agreement; supplies
• plenty A large or sufficient amount
• entirely Completely, wholly
• bridge A structure built to cross something; something that connects
• consist To be made up of particular parts or elements
• brand A type of product; a company's image; to mark or label
• moral Relating to principles of right and wrong; a lesson from a story
• insist To demand something firmly; to state something is true
• principal Most important; head of a school; original sum of money
• master Expert; person in control; to gain complete knowledge of
• definitely Without doubt; certainly; absolutely
• session A period of time devoted to a particular activity
• predict To say what will happen in the future
• protection The act of keeping someone or something safe
• largely To a great extent; mostly
• wed To marry; to unite in marriage
• guarantee A formal promise; to assure something will happen
• till Up to a particular time; a cash register
• theme The main subject or central idea
• judgment The ability to make decisions; an official decision
• odd Strange or unusual; not divisible by two
• definition A statement explaining the meaning of a word
• elect To choose by voting; to decide to do something
• atmosphere The gases surrounding Earth; the mood of a place
• characteristic A typical feature or quality
• rely To depend on or trust someone or something
• narrow Having a small width; limited in extent
• succeed To achieve a goal; to come after another
• identity Who or what a person or thing is
• permit To allow; an official document giving permission
• seriously In a sincere manner; to a significant degree
• wild Living in nature; uncontrolled; enthusiastic
• empty Containing nothing; having no contents
• commission A fee for services; an official group; to order work
• unique Being the only one of its kind; unlike anything else
• association A group organised for a purpose; a connection
• instrument A tool for a purpose; a musical device
• practical Useful and realistic; based on actual experience
• soft Not hard or firm to the touch; gentle sounds
• row A line of things; a noisy argument (British); to propel a boat
• youth The period of being young; young people as a group
• lock A device for securing doors, containers, or vehicles; to fasten with a lock
• fuel Material burned to produce heat or power; to supply with fuel or stimulate
• expectation A belief that something will happen or be the case; a standard of behaviour a...
• sexual Relating to physical intimacy or reproduction; relating to the sexes
• bottle A container with a narrow neck for holding liquids; to put into bottles
• ourselves The reflexive form of 'we'; used for emphasis or to refer back to the subject
• sheet A large rectangular piece of fabric for a bed; a flat piece of paper, glass, ...
• engine A machine that converts energy into mechanical force; the driving force behin...
• cast To throw with force; the actors in a play or film; a rigid bandage
• notion A belief, idea, or understanding about something; a vague understanding
• conservative Favouring traditional values and resisting change; cautious or moderate
• relief A feeling of reassurance after anxiety; assistance given to those in need
• honor High respect or esteem; a privilege; to fulfil an obligation
• blame To hold responsible for a fault or wrong; responsibility for something bad
• arise To come into being or emerge; to get up from lying or sitting
• dad An informal word for father
• retire To leave work permanently, usually because of age; to withdraw from a place
• tiny Extremely small in size or amount
• native Belonging to a place by birth or origin; original inhabitant of a place
• witness A person who sees an event; to see something happen
• mail Letters and packages sent by post; to send by the postal service
• terrible Extremely bad or serious; causing great fear or distress
• ordinary Normal, usual, or not special in any way
• anywhere In, at, or to any place; used in questions and negative statements
• mental Relating to the mind; involving thinking or the brain
• participant A person who takes part in an activity or event
• vision The ability to see; a mental image of a future possibility
• fat A natural oily substance in animal bodies; excess flesh; substantial
• entry The act of going into a place; a recorded item; the right to participate
• fellow A man or boy; someone who shares an activity; an academic member
• capture To take possession by force; to record or preserve accurately
• tip The pointed end of something; money given for service; helpful advice
• discount A reduction from the usual price; to regard as unlikely
• peak The pointed top of a mountain; the highest point or level
• proportion A part or share of a whole; the relationship between sizes
• disappear To cease to be visible; to stop existing
• constant Happening continuously; unchanging; a fixed value
• significantly In a way that is important or large enough to have an effect
• considerable Large in size, amount, or extent; worthy of consideration
• intelligence The ability to learn and understand; information gathered about an enemy
• ideal Perfect or most suitable; a principle or standard to strive for
• surely Expressing certainty; used to seek confirmation
• somewhat To some degree or extent, but not completely
• faith Complete trust or confidence; strong religious belief
• reduction The act of making something smaller or less in amount
• reserve To keep for future use; to book in advance; a supply kept for emergency
• somehow In a way that is not known or specified; by some means
• phase A distinct period or stage in a process of development
• thin Having little thickness; not fat; lacking density
• formal Done according to established rules or conventions; suitable for official occ...
• religion A system of faith and worship; belief in a god or gods
• reject To refuse to accept, use, or believe something; a rejected item
• latter The second of two things or people previously mentioned
• ban To officially prohibit or forbid something
• index An alphabetical list of references, or a statistical measure
• frequently Happening often, at short intervals
• circle A round shape, or a group of people with shared interests
• helpful Providing assistance or being useful
• attractive Pleasing to look at, or appealing
• impression An idea or opinion formed about something or someone
• unable Lacking the ability, power, or means to do something
• joke Something said or done to cause laughter
• column A vertical pillar, or a vertical section of text or data
• impose To force something on someone, or to cause inconvenience
• besides In addition to, or apart from
• properly In the correct or appropriate way
• ancient Very old, belonging to times long past
• coast The land near the sea, the shoreline
• ill Not in good health, unwell
• multiple Having many parts, elements, or aspects
• yield To produce or give way to something
• via By way of, through, or by means of
• county An administrative division of a country
• mobile Able to move, or a portable phone
• assistant A person who helps or supports someone
• implement To put a plan or decision into effect
• attach To fasten or join one thing to another
• hell A place of suffering in some religions, or an expression of emphasis
• east The direction where the sun rises, or a region in that direction
• hat A covering for the head
• academic Relating to education and scholarship
• furthermore In addition; besides; used to introduce a further point
• absence The state of being away or not present; the lack of something
• construct To build or create something; an idea or concept
• remark A spoken or written comment; to say something as a comment
• rare Uncommon, unusual; (of meat) lightly cooked
• intention A plan or aim that guides what someone intends to do
• dozen Twelve of something; informally, approximately twelve or many
• settlement A place where people establish a community; an agreement resolving a dispute
• gap A space or opening between things; a difference between levels or groups
• widely To a great extent; by many people; over a large area
• minimum The smallest or lowest amount, level, or degree possible
• northern Situated in, directed towards, or coming from the north
• estate A large area of land with a house; property left when someone dies
• expose To uncover or reveal something hidden; to leave unprotected
• shut To close something; to be or become closed
• victory The act of winning or succeeding in a competition, battle, or struggle
• resolve To find a solution to a problem; firm determination or willpower
• critic A person who expresses disapproval or professionally reviews artistic works
• variable Likely to change or vary; an element that can have different values
• enormous Extremely large in size, quantity, or extent
• sweet Having a taste like sugar or honey; pleasant or kind
• pursue To follow or chase; to actively work towards a goal
• tall Having greater height than average or expected
• urge To strongly encourage; a strong desire or impulse
• enemy A person or group that is hostile or opposed to someone
• milk White liquid from mammals; to extract or exploit
• talent A natural ability or aptitude for doing something well
• smell The sense used to detect odours, or an odour itself
• prior Existing or occurring before something else in time, order, or importance
• priority Something more important than other things that should be dealt with first
• phrase A small group of words that form a meaningful unit
• pilot A person who operates an aircraft, or a trial version of something
• merely Only, simply, or nothing more than
• resolution A firm decision, the act of resolving a problem, or image quality
• vast Extremely large in area, size, extent, or quantity
• exhibition A public display of art, objects, or other items of interest
• regional Relating to or characteristic of a particular geographic area or district wit...
• immediate Happening without delay; nearest in space or relationship
• incident An event or occurrence, especially one that is unusual or causes problems
• draft A preliminary version of a document; a current of cool air; compulsory milita...
• politician A person professionally involved in politics, especially as an elected official
• knock To strike a surface to make a sound; to hit or bump into something
• seed A small object from which a plant grows; the beginning of something
• illustrate To explain or make clear by using examples; to provide pictures for a book
• imply To suggest something without stating it directly
• temporary Lasting for only a limited period of time; not permanent
• liberal Open to new ideas and tolerant of different views; generous in amount
• qualify To meet the requirements for something; to modify or limit a statement
• competitive Having a strong desire to be more successful than others; as good as or bette...
• truly In a truthful way; genuinely; completely
• hi An informal greeting used when meeting someone
• yellow The colour of lemons, egg yolks, and sunflowers
• habit A regular tendency or practice, especially one that is hard to give up
• disk A flat, thin, circular object; a device for storing computer data
• core The central or most important part of something
• self A person's essential being; used as a prefix meaning oneself
• metal A solid material that is typically hard, shiny, and conducts electricity
• existence The state or fact of living or having objective reality
• panel A flat section forming part of a surface; a group of people assembled for dis...
• prime Of first importance or quality; to prepare something for use
• emphasize To give special importance or prominence to something
• maximum The greatest amount, extent, or intensity possible or allowed
• effectively In a way that achieves the desired result; in reality or for practical purposes
• elsewhere In, at, or to some other place or other places
• bother To cause trouble or annoyance to someone; to make an effort to do something
• initiative The ability to act independently; a new plan or action to solve a problem
• sharp Having a fine edge or point capable of cutting; quick to notice or understand
• motion The act or process of moving; a formal proposal in a meeting
• gray A colour between black and white; dull or overcast (British spelling: grey)
• discipline Training to follow rules or a code of behaviour; a branch of knowledge
• assumption Something accepted as true without proof
• freeze To become solid from cold, or to stop moving completely
• extreme Very great in degree; reaching the highest or lowest point
• passage A section of text, a narrow way through, or the act of moving through
• forth Forward or outward from a starting point
• mechanism A system of parts working together, or a process by which something happens
• coat An outer garment with sleeves, or a layer covering something
• pocket A small bag sewn into clothing for carrying items
• lucky Having good fortune or favourable outcomes by chance
• crash A violent collision, a loud noise, or a sudden failure
• observation The act of watching carefully, or a remark based on what one has noticed
• unusual Not common or ordinary; different from what is expected
• king A male ruler of a country, typically one who inherits the position
• interaction Communication or direct involvement between people or things
• collapse To fall down suddenly, or to fail completely
• borrow To take something temporarily with the intention of returning it
• soul The spiritual part of a person; the essence of something
• capable Having the ability or qualities to do something
• perfectly In a complete or ideal way; absolutely or completely
• enhance To improve the quality, value, or extent of something
• distinguish To recognise differences between things; to make someone notable
• substantial Large in size, amount, or importance; solidly built
• slide To move smoothly along a surface; a playground structure
• valuable Worth a lot of money or extremely useful and important
• breast The chest area, especially a woman's mammary gland, or poultry meat
• cope To deal effectively with something difficult
• accommodation A place to live or stay; an arrangement or compromise
• shirt A piece of clothing worn on the upper body, typically with a collar and buttons
• exception Something or someone that does not follow the general rule; an exclusion
• corporation A large company or group of companies acting as a single legal entity
• chip A thin piece broken off something; a fried strip of potato; a small electroni...
• encounter To unexpectedly meet someone or experience something; an unexpected meeting
• partly To some extent but not completely; in part
• urban Relating to a town or city; characteristic of city life
• southern Relating to or situated in the south; coming from the south
• beauty The quality of being pleasing to the senses; a beautiful person or thing
• massive Very large, heavy, or powerful in size, amount, or degree
• install To set up equipment or software for use; to place someone in a new position
• upper Higher in position, rank, or status; the top part of something
• outline A line showing the shape of something; a general description of the main points
• sufficient Enough to meet a need or purpose; adequate
• luck Success or good things that happen by chance
• split To divide into parts; a division or separation
• journalist A person who writes news stories for newspapers, magazines, or broadcasts
• sudden Happening quickly and unexpectedly
• advertisement A notice or announcement promoting a product, service, or event
• consistent Acting or done in the same way over time; compatible or in agreement
• originally At first; in the beginning; from the start
• aside To one side; a remark made quietly or privately
• severe Very serious or harsh; extremely bad or intense
• prospect The possibility of something happening; a potential customer or candidate
• plot The main story of a book or film; a secret plan; a piece of land
• criterion A standard or principle for judging or deciding something
• primarily Mainly; for the most part
• integrate To combine or bring together separate elements into a unified whole
• criticism The expression of disapproval; the analysis and judgement of something
• convention A large formal meeting; an accepted way of doing something
• bet To risk money on an outcome; to feel certain about something
• retain To keep or continue to have something
• sequence A particular order in which things follow each other
• plain Simple without decoration; a large flat area of land
• volunteer Someone who offers to do something without being paid
• rural Relating to the countryside, not urban
• silence Complete absence of sound; a period without speaking
• rapidly Very quickly; at a fast rate
• efficient Achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort
• spell To write or name letters of a word; a magical incantation; a period of time
• premise An idea forming the basis for an argument; a building and its land
• lean To incline or bend; thin with little fat
• differ To be unlike or distinct from something; to disagree
• grateful Feeling or showing appreciation for something received
• protein A nutrient found in foods that helps build and repair the body
• bike An informal word for bicycle
• distribute To give out or deliver something to several people or places
• derive To obtain something from a source; to have something as an origin
• crucial Extremely important or essential
• wheel A circular object that rotates on an axle
• crop A plant grown in large quantities for food; to cut short
• minority A smaller number or part, less than half
• origin The beginning or source of something
• interpretation The action of explaining meaning; a particular way of understanding
• toy An object for children to play with
• fault A mistake or weakness; responsibility for something bad
• exhibit To display something publicly; an object on display
• minor Lesser in importance, size, or degree; someone under legal age
• hunt To chase and kill animals; to search thoroughly for something
• thick Having a large distance between opposite sides; dense
• achievement Something accomplished successfully through effort and skill
• shoot To fire a weapon; to take photographs or film; a new growth on a plant
• supplier A person or company that provides goods or services
• prize An award given to the winner of a competition or for achievement
• peer A person of equal standing; to look closely at something
• pension A regular payment made to retired people
• laughter The sound and act of laughing
• deeply To a great extent; profoundly
• recognition The act of identifying someone or acknowledging achievement
• assistance Help or support given to someone
• retirement The period after leaving work permanently
• respectively In the order mentioned; separately in the order given
• variation A change or difference in something
• ultimately Finally; in the end; at the most basic level
• layer A single thickness of material covering a surface
• preparation The process of getting ready for something
• emphasis Special importance given to something
• edition A particular version of a publication or product
• silver A precious white metal; the colour of this metal
• entertainment Activities providing enjoyment or amusement
• honest Truthful and sincere; not lying or cheating
• retail The sale of goods to the public in small quantities
• wire A thin metal strand; to connect or send money
• gay Homosexual, especially of men
• zone An area distinguished by some characteristic
• inch A unit of length equal to 2.54 centimetres
• equivalent Equal in value, function, meaning, or effect
• solid Firm, hard, or stable; reliable
• enterprise A business or company; initiative and resourcefulness
• owe To be in debt to someone; to have an obligation
• uniform Special clothing worn by members of a group; remaining the same throughout
• pitch A playing field; the highness or lowness of a sound; to throw; a sales presen...
• arrival The act of arriving or reaching a destination; a person who has just arrived
• contemporary Belonging to the present time; modern; a person living at the same time as an...
• gate A movable barrier in a wall, fence, or entrance; a departure point at an airport
• ease Absence of difficulty or effort; comfort; to make less severe
• specialist An expert in a particular field; a doctor who focuses on one area of medicine
• assure To tell someone confidently that something is true; to make certain
• episode An event or incident; one part of a TV or radio series
• crack A narrow opening or break; to break without separating; to solve
• numerous Great in number; many
• submit To present for consideration; to yield to authority; to send electronically
• virtually Almost entirely; nearly; by means of computer technology
• era A long period of history marked by distinctive characteristics
• coverage The extent to which something is covered; media reporting; insurance protection
• tension Mental or emotional strain; strained relations; tightness when stretched
• cable A thick rope or wire; cable television; to send a message by wire
• eliminate To remove completely; to exclude from consideration; to defeat in competition
• tight Fixed or fastened firmly; fitting closely; limited in amount or time
• welfare The health, happiness, and well-being of a person; government support
• recruit To enlist new members or employees; a newly enlisted person
• exclude To prevent from entering; to leave out; to reject
• string Thin cord; a series of connected items; to thread onto a line
• persuade To convince someone to do or believe something through reasoning or argument
• inspire To fill with creative energy; to motivate; to cause a feeling
• grand Large and impressive; magnificent; main or principal
• hence As a consequence; therefore; from this time
• crew A group of people who work together, especially on a ship, aircraft, or film
• phenomenon An observable fact or event; something remarkable or extraordinary
• pupil A student at a school; the dark opening in the centre of the eye
• false Not true or correct; artificial; disloyal
• assist To help or support someone; a pass that leads to a score in sport
• formula A mathematical rule expressed in symbols; a recipe or method; infant milk
• alter To change or modify something
• perceive To become aware of through the senses; to regard or understand in a certain way
• sink A basin for washing; to go down below the surface
• anymore Any longer; from now on (usually in negative sentences)
• hero A person admired for courage, achievements, or noble qualities
• convert To change from one form, purpose, or belief to another
• meter A unit of length; a device for measuring (British: metre)
• truck A large motor vehicle for transporting goods (British: lorry)
• beside At the side of; next to; compared with
• sail A piece of fabric that catches wind to propel a boat; to travel by boat
• disaster A sudden event causing great damage, destruction, or suffering
• pace The speed at which something happens or moves; a single step
• heavily To a great degree; with a lot of weight or force
• terrorist A person who uses violence and intimidation for political aims
• justify To show or prove to be right, reasonable, or warranted
• vital Absolutely necessary or essential; relating to life
• fascinate To attract and hold someone's attention intensely
• external On the outside; coming from outside a particular system or organisation
• spare Extra or reserve; to give or make available; to save from harm
• underlie To be the basis or cause of; to lie beneath
• mom Mother (American English); British equivalent is 'mum'
• distinction A difference between things; excellence or honour
• satisfaction The feeling of pleasure when needs or desires are fulfilled
• incorporate To include as part of a whole; to form a legal corporation
• pour To cause liquid to flow from a container; to rain heavily
• sweep To clean with a broom; to move quickly and smoothly
• obligation A duty or requirement to do something; something you must do
• sir A polite form of address for a man; a title used before a knight's name
• evaluate To assess or judge the value, quality, or importance of something
• anger A strong feeling of displeasure or hostility
• pub A place where alcoholic drinks are served; short for 'public house'
• perception The way something is viewed, understood, or interpreted
• naturally In a natural way; as expected; of course
• initially At the beginning; at first
• territory An area of land under the control of a particular country or person
• stream A small river; a continuous flow; to broadcast or watch live online
• height The measurement of how tall something is; the peak or highest point
• western Relating to the west; relating to Western countries or culture
• expansion The action of becoming larger or more extensive; growth
• constantly Continuously or repeatedly over time, without stopping
• badly In an unsatisfactory way; severely or to a great degree
• boundary A line or limit that marks the edge of an area
• ratio A comparison between two quantities showing proportion
• scream To make a loud, high-pitched cry; the sound itself
• symbol A mark, sign, or object that represents something else
• demonstration A public protest; a practical display showing how something works
• analyst A person who examines data or situations to provide insights
• platform A raised surface; a computing system; a means of expression
• steel A strong metal alloy of iron and carbon; to prepare mentally
• transform To change something completely in form or character
• foundation The base upon which something is built; a charitable organisation
• designer A person who plans and creates things; expensive or exclusive
• innovation The introduction of new ideas, methods, or products
• trail A path or track; marks left behind; to follow behind
• trap A device for catching; a difficult situation; to catch
• loose Not firmly fixed or held tightly; not strict
• extension Something added to enlarge or continue; extra time
• wealth An abundance of money, possessions, or resources
• gradually Slowly and steadily over time, in small stages
• tank A container for liquids; an armoured military vehicle
• evil Profound immorality and wickedness; something harmful
• remarkable Worthy of attention; unusual or extraordinary
• tune A melody; to adjust a musical instrument or radio
• invitation A request to attend an event or do something
• bid An offer of a price; an attempt to achieve something
• breed A variety of animal; to produce offspring
• extraordinary Very unusual, remarkable, or exceptional
• brilliant Exceptionally clever or talented; very bright
• stem The main stalk of a plant; to originate from
• reverse The opposite direction or side; to move backwards
• mode A way or manner of doing something; a setting on a device
• mirror A reflective glass surface; to reflect or copy exactly
• awful Extremely bad, unpleasant, or of poor quality
• pose To position oneself for a photo; to present or create a problem
• adjust To change slightly to make something fit or work better; to adapt
• agricultural Relating to farming, growing crops, or raising animals
• competitor A person or company that competes against others
• alcohol Drinks containing ethanol; a chemical compound found in drinks like beer and ...
• van A medium-sized motor vehicle used for transporting goods or people
• curve A smoothly bending line or shape; to bend in a smooth arc
• web A network of fine threads made by a spider; the World Wide Web
• depth The distance from top to bottom; thoroughness or complexity
• entrance A door or opening for entering; the act of entering a place
• log A section of tree trunk; an official record of events
• giant An extremely large person or thing; a very important or powerful person
• substance A type of matter with particular properties; the real meaning or essence
• extensive Covering a large area or range; very thorough
• interpret To explain the meaning of something; to translate between languages
• inner Located inside or towards the centre; relating to private thoughts
• consult To seek information or advice from someone; to refer to a source
• pink A pale red colour; of that colour
• shadow A dark area created when something blocks light; to follow closely
• smooth Having an even surface without lumps; happening without problems
• intervention The act of becoming involved in a situation to change or improve it
• impress To make someone feel admiration; to mark by pressing
• radical Relating to fundamental change; extreme or far-reaching
• similarly In a similar way; likewise
• behave To act in a particular way; to conduct oneself properly
• loud Making a lot of noise; easily heard; bright and garish in colour
• dimension A measurable extent such as length or width; an aspect of something
• subsequent Coming after something in time or order; following
• jacket A short coat extending to the waist or hips
• efficiency The ability to accomplish something with minimal waste of time, effort, or re...
• dirty Not clean; covered with or containing unwanted substances
• statistic A numerical fact or piece of data from a study or survey
• regularly At consistent intervals; on a repeated, predictable basis
• resort A holiday destination with amenities; or to turn to something as a course of ...
• iron A strong metal element; or a heated device for smoothing clothes
• blind Unable to see; lacking awareness or judgement; a window covering
• pure Not mixed with anything else; clean and untainted; complete or absolute
• ally A person, country, or organisation that cooperates with another for a common ...
• quantity An amount or number of something; the property of being measurable
• mature Fully developed or grown; behaving in a sensible, adult way
• disturb To interrupt someone or something; to cause worry or upset
• sustain To maintain or support over time; to suffer or experience something
• flood An overflow of water; a large amount of something arriving at once
• poverty The state of being extremely poor; a lack or deficiency of something
• crazy Mentally ill; extremely foolish; extremely enthusiastic about something
• cite To quote or refer to a source as evidence or authority
• newly Recently; only just; in a new or different way
• parallel Side by side at an equal distance apart; similar or corresponding
• sponsor A person or organisation that provides financial support; to financially support
• boot A type of footwear covering the foot and ankle; the luggage compartment of a ...
• accurate Correct and precise; free from errors
• dealer A person or business that buys and sells goods; a person who distributes card...
• burden A heavy load; a responsibility or problem that causes hardship
• desert A dry, barren region with little rainfall; to abandon or leave
• mate A friend (British informal); a partner or spouse; to breed (animals)
• occasionally Sometimes but not often; from time to time
• resistance The act of opposing or fighting against something; the ability to withstand
• frequency How often something happens; the rate at which something occurs
• criticize To express disapproval; to point out faults or shortcomings
• tap A device for controlling water flow (British); to strike lightly; to access a...
• philosophy The study of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, and ethics
• attribute A quality or characteristic; to regard as caused by something
• apologize To express regret for something done wrong; to say sorry
• grab To take hold of something quickly and firmly; to seize an opportunity
• entitle To give someone the right to do or have something
• involvement The act of taking part in something
• exposure The state of being exposed to something
• conventional Following traditional or standard practices
• edit To prepare written material for publication by correcting or revising
• formation The process of forming something or how something is arranged
• pleasant Giving a sense of enjoyment or satisfaction
• establishment A business or organisation; the act of founding something
• summary A brief statement of the main points
• rough Having an uneven or irregular surface; not gentle or careful
• pen A writing instrument using ink; an enclosed area for animals
• tube A hollow cylinder; the London Underground railway
• tower A tall, narrow building or structure
• characterize To describe the typical qualities of something
• specify To state something clearly and definitely
• exact Completely accurate or precise
• spin To turn round and round quickly
• operator A person who operates equipment or a machine
• dig To break up and move earth with a tool
• drag To pull something along with difficulty; something boring
• mount To climb onto; to organise and begin; a mountain
• wrap To cover or enclose something by folding material around it
• anticipate To expect or look forward to something
• specialize To concentrate on a particular area of work or study
• angle The space between two lines that meet; a particular perspective
• anxiety A feeling of worry or nervousness
• precisely Exactly, with complete accuracy
• rival A person or thing competing with another
• offense A crime; the act of causing upset; attacking play in sports
• detect To discover or notice something that is not obvious
• admire To regard with respect and approval
• moderate Average in amount or degree; not extreme
• significance The quality of being important or meaningful
• charity An organisation that helps people in need, or the act of giving help to those...
• universal Relating to or affecting all people, places, or things in the world or in a p...
• cigarette A thin cylinder of finely cut tobacco rolled in paper for smoking
• constitute To form or make up something, or to be the components or elements of something
• adequate Sufficient or good enough for a particular purpose
• consultant A person who provides expert advice professionally, or a senior hospital doct...
• historian A person who studies or writes about history
• visual Relating to seeing or sight
• stupid Lacking intelligence or common sense; foolish
• keen Very enthusiastic or eager; sharp or intense
• ethnic Relating to a group of people who share a common culture, ancestry, or nation...
• eastern Located in, coming from, or relating to the east
• forecast A prediction about what will happen, especially regarding weather or financia...
• segment A separate part of something; a section or portion
• custom A traditional practice or way of behaving; or something made specially for a ...
• adapt To change something to suit different conditions, or to adjust oneself to new...
• cap A soft flat hat; a cover or lid; or an upper limit on something
• prompt To cause or encourage something to happen; or quick and without delay
• react To respond to something that has happened or been said
• venture A risky business project or undertaking; or to dare to do something potential...
• compound Something made of two or more parts; or to make a problem worse
• rescue To save someone or something from a dangerous or difficult situation
• mess A dirty or untidy state; a difficult or confused situation; or a room where s...
• preference A greater liking for one thing over another; what someone prefers
• comprehensive Including all or nearly all elements or aspects; thorough and complete
• incentive Something that motivates or encourages someone to do something
• league A group of sports teams or nations joined for a common purpose; or a class of...
• dialog A conversation between two or more people; discussion aimed at reaching agree...
• cream The thick yellowish-white liquid that rises to the top of milk; or a soft sub...
• rapid Happening or moving very quickly; fast
• cancel To decide that an arranged event will not happen; to stop or end something
• regret To feel sad or sorry about something that has happened or something you have ...
• dismiss To send someone away; to reject an idea as unworthy of consideration; or to f...
• margin The blank space around the edge of a page; the amount by which something wins...
• opponent A person who competes against or disagrees with another; a rival or adversary
• resist To withstand or fight against something; to refuse to accept or comply with
• capability The ability or power to do something; the capacity to achieve a particular ou...
• absolute Complete and total; not limited by conditions or exceptions
• stroke A sudden serious illness affecting the brain; a gentle movement of the hand; ...
• dare To have the courage to do something; or to challenge someone to do something
• barrier Something that blocks or prevents progress or movement; an obstacle
• rid To free yourself or a place of something unwanted
• ruin To destroy or severely damage something
• bury To put something underground or hide it deeply
• counsel Advice or guidance; a lawyer
• frequent Happening often or regularly
• motor An engine that powers a machine or vehicle
• survival The state of continuing to live or exist
• counter A flat surface for transactions; to oppose or respond
• possess To own or have something
• permission Official approval or consent to do something
• float To rest on the surface of a liquid; to move gently
• mad Insane; very angry; extremely enthusiastic
• visible Able to be seen; obvious or noticeable
• impressive Causing admiration through quality or scale
• violent Using or involving physical force intended to hurt
• slave A person owned by and forced to work for another
• wealthy Having a great deal of money or assets
• journal A daily record of events; an academic publication
• coal A black solid fuel formed from ancient plants
• random Without pattern or predictable order; by chance
• successfully In a way that achieves the desired result
• illustration A picture or drawing; an example that explains
• burst To break open suddenly; a sudden release of energy
• mutual Shared by two or more people; reciprocal
• rail A bar or track for trains; to complain bitterly
• motivate To give someone a reason to do something
• promotion Advancement to a higher position; advertising activity
• passion Strong enthusiasm or intense emotion
• fulfill To carry out or satisfy; to achieve potential
• dust Fine dry particles; to remove dust
• roughly Approximately; in a rough manner
• skirt A women's garment; to go around the edge
• province An administrative division of a country; an area of expertise
• evaluation The process of carefully examining and judging something
• accomplish To successfully complete or achieve something
• glance A brief or quick look
• opera A dramatic work combining music, singing, and sometimes dance
• aggressive Hostile, forceful, or assertive in a confrontational way
• format The arrangement or layout of something; to arrange in a particular way
• literary Relating to literature or the writing of books
• praise To express approval or admiration; words of approval
• silent Making no sound; not speaking
• pump A device for moving liquids or gases; to move liquid using such a device
• publisher A company or person that produces and distributes books, newspapers, or other...
• celebration A party or special event to mark a happy occasion
• compensation Money paid to someone for loss, injury, or work; something that makes up for ...
• weigh To measure how heavy something is; to consider carefully
• versus Against; in contrast or competition with
• deficit A shortfall; the amount by which something is less than what is needed
• modify To change something slightly; to make partial alterations
• flash A sudden brief burst of light; to shine suddenly and brightly
• profession A job requiring special training or education; an occupation
• literally In a literal sense; exactly as stated (also used for emphasis)
• gesture A movement of the hand or body to express meaning; an action showing intention
• entertain To provide amusement; to host guests; to consider an idea
• assign To give a task or responsibility to someone; to allocate
• inflation A general increase in prices and decrease in purchasing power
• historic Famous or important in history; potentially significant for the future
• injure To cause physical harm or damage to someone
• remote Far away in distance or time; slight or unlikely
• orange A citrus fruit; a colour between red and yellow
• twist To turn or rotate; an unexpected development
• throat The front part of the neck, or the passage inside the neck for food and air
• insight A deep understanding of something, or the ability to perceive the true nature...
• tackle To deal with a difficult problem or task; in sports, to try to take the ball ...
• exceed To go beyond a limit, number, or amount; to be greater than
• pregnant Having a baby developing inside the body; or full of meaning or significance
• reliable Able to be trusted or depended upon; consistently good in quality or performance
• poet A person who writes poems
• fortune A large amount of money or wealth; luck or chance; what will happen in the fu...
• ceremony A formal event or ritual marking an important occasion
• pile A heap or stack of things placed on top of each other; to stack or heap things
• mixture A combination of different things or substances blended together
• scholar A person who studies a subject in great depth; an expert in an academic field
• psychological Relating to the mind, mental processes, or emotions
• participation The act of taking part in something or being involved in an activity
• penalty A punishment for breaking a rule or law; a disadvantage or difficulty
• chamber A large room used for formal meetings; an enclosed space or cavity
• poetry Literary work that uses rhythmic and imaginative language to express ideas an...
• evolve To develop gradually over time; to change through biological evolution
• sake For the purpose or benefit of someone or something
• boost To increase or improve something; an increase or improvement
• tail The rear part of an animal's body; the back end of something; to follow closely
• possession The state of owning or having something; a thing that one owns
• abortion The deliberate ending of a pregnancy; the termination of a process before com...
• boom A period of rapid economic growth; a deep, resonant sound; to make such a sound
• tale A story, especially one that is imaginary or not true
• democratic Relating to democracy or government by the people; fair and equal
• maintenance The process of keeping something in good condition; regular care and repair
• consequently As a result; therefore
• pot A container for cooking, growing plants, or storing things
• whilst While; during the time that; although (British English)
• fold To bend something over on itself; to close down or fail
• bin A container for rubbish or storage; to throw away
• potentially Possibly; with the capacity to develop into something
• scope The range, extent, or area covered by something
• intense Very strong, extreme, or concentrated in degree
• inquiry A formal investigation or a request for information
• resign To voluntarily leave a job or position
• craft A skilled activity or trade; a boat or aircraft
• strict Demanding complete obedience or exact adherence to rules
• concrete A building material; specific and definite rather than abstract
• shell The hard outer covering of something; an explosive projectile
• damn A mild swear word expressing frustration or emphasis
• distinct Clearly different or separate; easily perceived
• humor The quality of being amusing; a mood or state of mind
• limitation A restriction or boundary; a shortcoming or weakness
• stability The state of being steady, secure, and not changing
• wise Having good judgment and experience; as a suffix, relating to
• neglect To fail to care for or give attention to something
• compose To create music or writing; to make up or form
• jail A place where people are held as punishment for crimes
• shelter A place giving protection from weather or danger
• mere Used to emphasise how small or insignificant something is
• trigger Something that causes an event or reaction to start
• pipe A tube for conveying water or gas; a smoking instrument
• destruction The act of destroying something completely
• guitar A stringed musical instrument played by plucking or strumming
• flag A piece of fabric used as a symbol; to mark or signal
• piano A large keyboard musical instrument with strings
• magic The power to make impossible things happen; wonderful quality
• mystery Something that is difficult to understand or explain
• ski Long runners attached to boots for gliding on snow
• whisper To speak very softly; a very quiet voice or sound
• moon Earth's natural satellite; to dream or behave in a distracted way
• presumably Used to say something is probably true based on reasonable assumption
• bless To ask for divine favour; to bring happiness to
• jury A group of citizens selected to hear evidence and decide a verdict in court
• cooperation The act of working together with others to achieve a common goal
• civilian A person who is not a member of the armed forces or police
• regardless Without being affected or influenced by something; despite circumstances
• scan To look at quickly; to use a device to capture an image or data
• bunch A group or collection of things held together; informally, a lot of something
• racial Relating to race or different groups of people based on physical characteristics
• greet To welcome or acknowledge someone when meeting them
• sanction Penalties imposed to enforce compliance; official permission or approval
• trick A cunning action to deceive; a skilful act for entertainment; a clever technique
• maker A person or company that makes or manufactures something
• belt A strip worn around the waist; a continuous band; a geographical region
• potato A starchy tuberous vegetable that grows underground
• narrative A spoken or written account of connected events; a story
• tissue A group of cells performing a function; a thin soft paper for cleaning
• barely Only just; almost not; with difficulty
• pro A professional; a prefix meaning in favour of or supporting
• shine To give off or reflect light; to excel or stand out
• motivation The reason behind a person's actions or willingness to do something
• firmly In a strong, steady, or definite manner
• interior The inside part of something; relating to the inside
• pray To address words or thoughts to a god or deity; to hope earnestly
• servant A person who performs duties for others; a government employee
• immigrant A person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country
• excess An amount more than necessary or desirable; extreme behaviour
• complexity The state of being composed of many interconnected parts
• liability The state of being legally responsible for something
• extract To remove or take out something, often with effort or a special process
• implementation The process of putting a plan, decision, or policy into effect
• bias A tendency to favour or oppose something in an unfair way
• continuous Happening or existing without interruption
• stamp A small piece of paper showing postage has been paid; to mark with an officia...
• guideline A general rule or piece of advice about how to do something
• envelope A flat paper container for a letter or document
• knife A tool or utensil with a sharp blade used for cutting
• biological Relating to biology or living organisms
• consume To eat, drink, or use up something
• luxury Something expensive and enjoyable but not essential
• wherever In or to any place; no matter where
• bite To cut into something with the teeth
• adventure An exciting or unusual experience, often involving risk
• exhaust To tire out completely; waste gases from an engine
• attraction Something that draws interest; a feeling of being drawn to something
• quietly In a quiet manner; without making much noise or fuss
• castle A large fortified building from medieval times
• veteran A person with long experience; a former member of the armed forces
• reflection An image seen in a mirror; serious thought or consideration
• nerve A fibre carrying signals in the body; courage or boldness
• fiction Literature about imaginary events and people; something untrue
• cluster A group of similar things close together
• confusion A state of being uncertain or unclear; a disorderly situation
• hurry To move or act quickly; a rush or urgency
• logic Reasoning conducted according to strict principles; sensible thought
• controversial Causing or likely to cause disagreement or argument
• raw Not cooked; in a natural state; unprocessed
• grammar The rules governing language structure
• revise To look over and correct; to study again before an exam (British)
• hint A slight indication or suggestion; a helpful tip
• hook A curved piece for catching or hanging things; to catch or attach
• bell A hollow metal object that makes a ringing sound when struck
• liquid A substance that flows freely like water; not solid or gas
• panic Sudden uncontrollable fear or anxiety
• slope A surface at an angle; an incline or gradient
• genuine Real and authentic; sincere and honest
• vessel A ship or large boat; a container for liquids; a tube in the body
• verb A word expressing an action, state, or occurrence
• reckon To think or believe; to calculate or estimate (informal)
• silly Lacking common sense; foolish or playfully absurd
• harbor A sheltered area of water for ships; to give shelter to
• chase To pursue someone or something; the act of pursuing
• storage Space or place where things are kept; the act of storing
• universe All of space, time, matter, and energy that exists
• horrible Causing fear, shock, or disgust; very unpleasant
• rat A rodent larger than a mouse; slang for an informer
• innocent Not guilty; lacking experience of evil; naive
• substitute A person or thing that takes the place of another
• supplement Something added to complete or enhance; vitamins
• adjustment A small change or modification; the act of adapting
• filter A device that removes unwanted substances; to select
• flexible Capable of bending easily; able to change or adapt
• abstract Existing in thought or as an idea; not concrete
• tent A portable shelter made of fabric supported by poles
• precise Exact, accurate, and clearly expressed
• distant Far away in space or time; not friendly
• stranger A person one does not know; an outsider
• shade An area blocked from direct sunlight; a slight variation
• summarize To give a brief statement of the main points
• leap To jump a long distance; a sudden large change
• snap To break suddenly; to speak sharply; a quick photo
• probability The likelihood of something happening
• uncertainty The state of being unsure or not knowing
• refugee A person who has fled their country due to danger
• shore The land along the edge of water; a coast
• comprise To be made up of; to consist of
• stir To mix by moving a spoon; to cause excitement
• excitement A feeling of eager enthusiasm and anticipation
• sigh A deep audible breath expressing relief or sadness
• pregnancy The condition of carrying a developing baby
• institutional Relating to large organisations; established and formal
• wander To walk slowly without a fixed direction or purpose
• empire A group of nations under one ruler; a large business
• subsequently After something else; later
• gentle Soft and mild; not harsh or violent
• voluntary Done by choice, not forced or required; unpaid
• pale Light in colour; having less colour than usual, especially in the face
• stain A mark or discolouration that is difficult to remove; to leave such a mark
• organic Produced without artificial chemicals; relating to living organisms
• structural Relating to the structure or framework of something
• fool A silly or stupid person; to trick or deceive someone
• alongside Next to or together with; at the side of
• unite To join together; to come together for a common purpose
• gently In a soft, mild, or careful manner; not roughly or harshly
• wipe To clean or dry a surface by rubbing; to remove something completely
• weird Strange, unusual, or difficult to explain
• gaze To look steadily at something for a long time
• fade To gradually become less bright, loud, or strong; to disappear slowly
• hypothesis A proposed explanation for something that can be tested
• royal Relating to a king or queen; of excellent quality
• theoretical Based on theory rather than practical experience
• curtain A piece of fabric hung to cover a window or divide a space
• darkness The absence of light; a state of gloom or ignorance
• registration The act of officially recording information; the process of signing up
• fragment A small piece broken off something; an incomplete part
• ugly Unpleasant to look at; morally offensive or threatening
• module A self-contained unit or section that forms part of a larger system
• faithfully In a loyal and reliable manner; exactly and accurately
• attachment Something joined or connected; an emotional bond; a file sent with an email
• grin A wide smile showing teeth
• noun A word that names a person, place, thing, or idea
• fortunate Lucky; having good fortune
• lazy Unwilling to work or use energy; moving slowly
• hello A greeting used when meeting someone or answering the phone
• hunger The feeling of wanting or needing food; a strong desire
• insure To protect against risk by paying an insurance company; to make certain
• found To establish or create an organisation; past tense of 'find'
• thirst The feeling of needing to drink; a strong desire for something
• dominate To have control or power over; to be the most important or noticeable