reductio
Meaning: Short for reductio ad absurdum: a method of argument that disproves a proposition by showing that its logical consequences lead to an absurd or contradictory conclusion.
Reductio ad absurdum is one of the oldest and most powerful techniques in logic and rhetoric, used by Euclid, Aristotle, and countless mathematicians since. The method works by assuming the opposite of what you wish to prove, then demonstrating that this assumption leads to a contradiction or manifest absurdity. In everyday argumentation, 'reductio' is often used loosely to mean taking an opponent's argument to its extreme conclusion to expose its flaws. It is sometimes confused with the straw man fallacy, but a proper reductio follows the logic faithfully rather than distorting it.
Examples
- Euclid's proof that there are infinitely many prime numbers is a classic reductio: assume there are finitely many, and a contradiction quickly follows. 欧几里得对素数无穷多的证明是经典的归谬法:假设素数有限个,矛盾很快就会出现。La demostración de Euclides de que existen infinitos números primos es una reductio clásica: supóngase que hay un número finito, y enseguida surge una contradicción.素数が無限に存在するというユークリッドの証明は古典的な帰謬法である:素数が有限個しかないと仮定すると、すぐに矛盾が導かれる。소수가 무한히 존재한다는 유클리드의 증명은 고전적인 귀류법이다. 소수가 유한개만 있다고 가정하면 곧바로 모순이 도출된다.
- The columnist deployed a reductio, arguing that if the government's logic were applied consistently, it would have to ban motor cars as well. 该专栏作家使用了归谬法,论证如果政府的逻辑被一贯地应用,就不得不也禁止汽车。El columnista desplegó una reductio, argumentando que, si la lógica del gobierno se aplicase de manera coherente, también habría que prohibir los automóviles.そのコラムニストは帰謬法を用い、政府の論理を一貫して適用すれば自動車も禁止しなければならなくなると論じた。그 칼럼니스트는 귀류법을 사용하여, 정부의 논리를 일관되게 적용한다면 자동차도 금지해야 할 것이라고 주장했다.
- Philosophers of mind have used reductio arguments against strict materialism, suggesting it leads to conclusions no one would accept. 心灵哲学家使用归谬论证来反对严格的唯物主义,指出它会导致无人能接受的结论。Filósofos de la mente han utilizado argumentos de reductio contra el materialismo estricto, sugiriendo que conduce a conclusiones que nadie aceptaría.心の哲学者たちは厳格な唯物論に対して帰謬法的論証を用い、それが誰にも受け入れられない結論に至ることを示唆した。심리철학자들은 엄격한 유물론에 대해 귀류법적 논증을 사용하며, 그것이 아무도 받아들이지 않을 결론에 이르게 됨을 시사했다.
Pronunciation
Usage Guide
Context: academic, journalism
Tone: neutral
Origin & History
From Latin reductio ad absurdum (reduction to absurdity), from reducere (to lead back) + absurdus (out of tune, irrational). The technique is traceable to ancient Greek philosophy, particularly Zeno of Elea.
Cultural Context
Era: Modern
Generation: All ages
Social background: Universal
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