collaboration
의미: The action of working jointly with others to produce or create something; traitorous cooperation with an enemy or occupying force.
Collaboration has two strikingly different connotations. In its positive sense, it describes productive partnership — academic collaboration, artistic collaboration, cross-border collaboration. In its negative, historically charged sense, it refers to treasonous cooperation with an occupying enemy, as with the Vichy regime's collaboration with Nazi Germany. Context usually makes the intended sense clear. Common collocations include 'in collaboration with,' 'a collaboration between,' 'close collaboration,' and 'wartime collaboration.'
예문
- The breakthrough was the result of a collaboration between researchers at Oxford and a pharmaceutical company in Cambridge. 这项突破性成果源于牛津大学研究人员与剑桥一家制药公司之间的合作。El avance fue resultado de una colaboración entre investigadores de Oxford y una empresa farmacéutica de Cambridge.その画期的な成果は、オックスフォードの研究者とケンブリッジの製薬会社との協力の結果であった。그 획기적인 성과는 옥스퍼드 연구원들과 케임브리지 제약회사 간의 협력의 결과였다.
- The album is a collaboration between the two artists, blending classical composition with electronic production. 这张专辑是两位艺术家的合作成果,融合了古典作曲与电子制作。El álbum es una colaboración entre los dos artistas que combina composición clásica con producción electrónica.そのアルバムは二人のアーティストのコラボレーションであり、クラシック作曲と電子音楽プロデュースを融合させている。그 앨범은 두 아티스트의 합작으로, 클래식 작곡과 전자음악 프로듀싱을 융합하고 있다.
- After the war, those accused of collaboration with the occupying forces faced public humiliation and criminal prosecution. 战后,那些被指控与占领军通敌的人遭到了公开羞辱和刑事起诉。Tras la guerra, los acusados de colaboración con las fuerzas de ocupación sufrieron humillación pública y enjuiciamiento penal.戦後、占領軍への協力の嫌疑をかけられた人々は、公衆の前で辱めを受け、刑事訴追に直面した。전쟁 후, 점령군에 대한 부역 혐의를 받은 사람들은 공개적 모욕과 형사 기소에 직면했다.
발음
사용 가이드
맥락: professional, academic, media
어조: neutral
기원과 역사
From Latin collaboratio, from collaborare (to work together), from col- (together with) + laborare (to work, toil). The positive sense dominated until the Second World War, when the negative connotation of working with the enemy became prominent.
문화적 배경
Era: Modern
Generation: All ages
Social background: Universal
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