How do you use "Non-defining Relative Clauses" in a sentence?

My car, which is very old, broke down. John, who you met yesterday, is my cousin. The project, which took two years, is finished. She passed the exam, which surprised everyone.

Non-defining Relative Clauses

Q: What does "Non-defining Relative Clauses" mean?

Extra, removable information about a noun Non-defining clauses add extra info, set off by commas: 'My sister, who lives in Paris, is visiting.' The main meaning is complete without it. Cannot use 'that.' 'Which' can refer to whole sentences.

Grammar Pattern BritishAmericanAustralian ★★★★☆ Common Neutral

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의미: Extra, removable information about a noun

关于名词的额外、可删除的信息

Información extra y removible sobre un sustantivo

名詞についての追加の、取り除ける情報

명사에 대한 추가적이고 삭제 가능한 정보

Non-defining clauses add extra info, set off by commas: 'My sister, who lives in Paris, is visiting.' The main meaning is complete without it. Cannot use 'that.' 'Which' can refer to whole sentences.

非限定性从句添加额外信息，用逗号隔开：'My sister, who lives in Paris, is visiting.'主要意思没有它也完整。不能用'that'。'Which'可以指代整个句子。

Las cláusulas no definitorias añaden información extra, separadas por comas: 'My sister, who lives in Paris, is visiting.' El significado principal está completo sin ella. No se puede usar 'that.' 'Which' puede referirse a oraciones completas.

非制限用法は追加情報を加え、カンマで区切ります：「My sister, who lives in Paris, is visiting.」メインの意味はそれなしでも完全です。「that」は使えません。「Which」は文全体を指すことができます。

비제한적 관계절은 쉼표로 구분되어 추가 정보를 제공합니다: 'My sister, who lives in Paris, is visiting.' 이 절이 없어도 주요 의미는 완전합니다. 'that'은 사용할 수 없습니다. 'which'는 문장 전체를 가리킬 수 있습니다.

예문

My car, which is very old, broke down.
我的车，非常老了，抛锚了。
Mi coche, que es muy viejo, se averió.
私の車は、とても古いのですが、故障しました。
제 차는 아주 오래되었는데, 고장이 났습니다.
John, who you met yesterday, is my cousin.
约翰，你昨天见过的，是我的表弟。
John, a quien conociste ayer, es mi primo.
昨日会ったジョンは私のいとこです。
어제 만났던 존은 제 사촌입니다.
The project, which took two years, is finished.
这个项目，花了两年，完成了。
El proyecto, que tomó dos años, está terminado.
2年かかったプロジェクトが終わりました。
2년이 걸린 프로젝트가 끝났습니다.
She passed the exam, which surprised everyone.
她通过了考试，这让每个人都很惊讶。
Aprobó el examen, lo cual sorprendió a todos.
彼女は試験に受かりました。それはみんなを驚かせました。
그녀는 시험에 합격했는데, 그것은 모두를 놀라게 했습니다.

발음

사용 가이드

맥락: spoken, written, everyday

어조: descriptive

✓ 올바른 표현

My brother, who is a doctor, lives in London.
我哥哥，是医生，住在伦敦。
Mi hermano, que es médico, vive en Londres.
私の兄は医者ですが、ロンドンに住んでいます。
의사인 제 형은 런던에 삽니다.
The film, which was three hours long, was boring.
这部电影，长达三个小时，很无聊。
La película, que duró tres horas, fue aburrida.
その映画は3時間もあって、つまらなかった。
3시간짜리였던 그 영화는 지루했습니다.
He arrived late, which annoyed everyone.
他迟到了，这让每个人都很生气。
Llegó tarde, lo cual molestó a todos.
彼は遅刻して、みんなを怒らせました。
그는 늦게 도착했는데, 그것은 모두를 짜증나게 했습니다.
My brother, who is a doctor...
我哥哥，他是一名医生……
Mi hermano, que es médico...
医者である私の兄は…
의사인 내 형은...
My brother, who is a doctor, lives...
我哥哥，他是一名医生，住在……
Mi hermano, que es médico, vive...
医者である私の兄は、…に住んでいます。
의사인 내 형은 살고 있어요...

✗ 잘못된 표현

My brother that is a doctor... (can't use 'that' in non-defining)
My brother that is a doctor...（非限定性从句不能用'that'）
My brother that is a doctor... (no se puede usar 'that' en oraciones explicativas)
My brother that is a doctor...（非制限用法では「that」は使えない）
My brother that is a doctor...（비제한적 용법에서는 'that'을 사용할 수 없음）
My brother who is a doctor lives... (need commas)
My brother who is a doctor lives...（需要逗号）
My brother who is a doctor lives... (necesita comas)
My brother who is a doctor lives...（カンマが必要）
My brother who is a doctor lives...（쉼표가 필요）

기원과 역사

Parenthetical relative clauses

문화적 배경

Era: Modern

Generation: All ages

Social background: Universal

이 주제의 다른 표현

what (relative) ★★★★★ Using 'what' to mean 'the thing(s) that' Defining vs Non-defining Clauses ★★★★☆ Essential vs extra information about nouns whose / where / when ★★★★☆ Relative pronouns for possession, place, and time Prepositions in Relative Clauses ★★★★☆ Where to place prepositions with relative pronouns which (referring to whole clause) ★★★★☆ Using which to refer to an entire statement whose (possession in relatives) ★★★★☆ Relative pronoun for possession