denaturation
意味: The process by which a protein or nucleic acid loses its natural three-dimensional structure, typically through exposure to heat, acid, or chemical agents, resulting in loss of biological function.
Denaturation is a core concept in biochemistry. When a protein denatures, its carefully folded structure unravels, destroying the active site and rendering it non-functional. Cooking an egg is the most familiar example: heat denatures the albumin proteins, causing the transparent liquid to turn white and solid. In molecular biology, the denaturation of DNA — separating its two strands — is a key step in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Denaturation can be reversible (if the protein refolds) or irreversible. The term also applies in a different context to the addition of substances to ethanol to make it unfit for drinking.
例文
- The enzyme lost its catalytic activity above 60°C due to denaturation of its tertiary structure. 该酶在60°C以上因其三级结构的变性而失去了催化活性。La enzima perdió su actividad catalítica por encima de los 60 °C debido a la desnaturalización de su estructura terciaria.その酵素は60°C以上で三次構造の変性により触媒活性を失った。그 효소는 60°C 이상에서 3차 구조의 변성으로 인해 촉매 활성을 잃었다.
- The first stage of PCR involves heating the DNA sample to 95°C to achieve denaturation and separate the double helix into single strands. PCR的第一阶段是将DNA样品加热至95°C以实现变性,将双螺旋分离为单链。La primera etapa de la PCR consiste en calentar la muestra de ADN a 95 °C para lograr la desnaturalización y separar la doble hélice en cadenas simples.PCRの最初の段階では、DNA試料を95°Cに加熱して変性を起こし、二重らせんを一本鎖に分離する。PCR의 첫 번째 단계에서는 DNA 시료를 95°C로 가열하여 변성을 일으키고 이중 나선을 단일 가닥으로 분리한다.
- Acid denaturation of milk proteins is the basis of yoghurt production, where bacterial cultures lower the pH to cause controlled coagulation. 牛奶蛋白的酸变性是酸奶生产的基础,通常通过细菌培养物降低pH值来实现可控的凝固。La desnaturalización ácida de las proteínas de la leche es la base de la producción de yogur, en la que los cultivos bacterianos reducen el pH para provocar una coagulación controlada.乳タンパク質の酸変性はヨーグルト製造の基礎であり、通常は細菌培養がpHを下げて制御された凝固を引き起こす。유단백질의 산 변성은 요구르트 제조의 기본 원리로, 세균 배양이 pH를 낮추어 조절된 응고를 일으킨다.
発音
使い方ガイド
場面: science, academic, medicine
トーン: neutral
起源と歴史
From Latin de- (away from, reversal) and natura (nature, natural state). The biochemical sense emerged in the early 20th century, describing the loss of a molecule's 'natural' conformation.
文化的背景
Era: Modern
Generation: All ages
Social background: Universal
このトピックの他の表現
More from General Advanced