confound
Significado: To cause surprise or confusion by acting contrary to expectations; in research, to introduce an extraneous variable that distorts the relationship being studied.
Confound has a general sense of baffling or defeating expectations — a team that confounds the critics, a result that confounds predictions. In scientific and statistical writing, a confounding variable (or confounder) is one that distorts the apparent relationship between cause and effect, making it a key term in research methodology. The adjective 'confounded' can also serve as a mild expletive in older British English.
Ejemplos
- The underdog's victory in the second test confounded the pundits who had predicted a whitewash. 这支弱队在第二场测试赛中的胜利令预测全胜的评论家大跌眼镜。La victoria del equipo menos favorecido en el segundo test confundió a los expertos que habían pronosticado una victoria aplastante.第2テストでの格下チームの勝利は、完封を予想していた解説者たちの予測を覆した。제2차 테스트에서의 약체 팀의 승리는 완봉승을 예측했던 해설자들의 예상을 뒤엎었다.
- Researchers must account for confounding variables such as age, income, and pre-existing conditions. 研究人员必须考虑年龄、收入和既往病史等混淆变量。Los investigadores deben tener en cuenta las variables de confusión como la edad, los ingresos y las enfermedades preexistentes.研究者は年齢・収入・既往症などの交絡変数を考慮しなければならない。연구자는 연령, 소득, 기저 질환 등의 교란 변수를 고려해야 한다.
- Her ability to confound expectations at every stage of the competition made her a firm favourite with the public. 她在比赛的每个阶段都出人意料的能力使她深受观众喜爱。Su capacidad para desmentir las expectativas en cada fase de la competición la convirtió en la favorita del público.大会のあらゆる段階で期待を裏切る彼女の能力は、観客から絶大な人気を得た。대회의 모든 단계에서 기대를 뒤엎는 그녀의 능력은 대중으로부터 확고한 지지를 얻게 했다.
Pronunciación
Guía de uso
Contexto: journalism, academic, scientific
Tono: neutral
Origen e historia
From Latin confundere (to pour together, mix up, confuse), from con- (together) + fundere (to pour). Entered English via Old French confondre in the 13th century.
Contexto cultural
Era: Modern
Generation: All ages
Social background: Universal
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