commutation
Significado: The reduction or alteration of a judicial sentence to one less severe, typically exercised as an act of executive clemency.
In criminal law, commutation differs from a pardon: a pardon forgives the offence entirely, whereas commutation merely reduces the punishment — for example, substituting a life sentence with a fixed term of imprisonment. In the United Kingdom, the prerogative of mercy historically allowed the Crown to commute death sentences. The term also has technical uses in mathematics and electrical engineering (commutation of current), but its legal sense is most commonly encountered in broadsheet journalism and academic writing. It collocates with 'of sentence,' 'death penalty,' and 'executive clemency.'
Ejemplos
- The Home Secretary recommended commutation of the death sentence to life imprisonment following a public campaign. 内政大臣在公众运动之后,建议将死刑减为终身监禁。El ministro del Interior recomendó la conmutación de la pena de muerte por cadena perpetua tras una campaña pública.内務大臣は世論の運動を受け、死刑判決を終身刑に減刑するよう勧告した。내무장관은 여론의 운동에 따라 사형을 종신형으로 감형할 것을 권고했습니다.
- Defence counsel submitted a formal application for commutation on the grounds of the prisoner's deteriorating health. 辩护律师以囚犯健康状况恶化为由,正式提交了减刑申请。El abogado defensor presentó una solicitud formal de conmutación alegando el deterioro de la salud del preso.弁護人は受刑者の健康状態の悪化を理由に、正式な減刑申請を提出した。변호인은 수감자의 건강 상태 악화를 사유로 정식 감형 신청을 제출했습니다.
- The academic paper examined how commutation practices varied across Commonwealth jurisdictions during the 20th century. 该学术论文研究了二十世纪英联邦各司法管辖区减刑实践的差异。El artículo académico examinó cómo variaron las prácticas de conmutación en las jurisdicciones de la Commonwealth durante el siglo XX.その学術論文は、20世紀を通じてコモンウェルス諸国の法域間で減刑の実務がどのように異なっていたかを検討した。해당 학술 논문은 20세기 동안 영연방 각 법역에서 감형 관행이 어떻게 달랐는지를 검토했습니다.
Pronunciación
Guía de uso
Contexto: academic, professional
Tono: neutral
Origen e historia
From Latin commutatio (change, exchange), from commutare (to change altogether), combining com- (together) and mutare (to change). Entered English legal use in the 15th century.
Contexto cultural
Era: Modern
Generation: All ages
Social background: Universal
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