過労死
Significado: Death caused by overwork — typically from heart failure, stroke, or suicide due to excessive work hours and stress.
過労死 is a uniquely Japanese term that has been adopted into English and other languages because the phenomenon was first widely recognized in Japan. The term became prominent in the 1980s during Japan's bubble economy when extreme overwork was common. The government officially recognizes 過労死 as a cause of death and has established legal criteria (generally over 80 hours of overtime per month) for compensation. Despite decades of awareness campaigns and legislation, cases continue to occur.
Ejemplos
- 過労死ラインって月80時間残業のことだよね。 过劳死红线指的是每月加班80小时吧。La línea del karoshi se refiere a más de 80 horas extra al mes, ¿no?과로사 라인은 월 80시간 잔업을 말하는 거지.
- また大企業で過労死のニュースが出てたよ。 又有大企业出过劳死的新闻了。Otra vez ha salido en las noticias un caso de karoshi en una gran empresa.또 대기업에서 과로사 뉴스가 나왔더라.
- 過労死が出ても会社の体質が変わらないのが問題だよね。 出了过劳死事件公司体制还是不改,这才是问题所在。El problema es que, aunque haya un caso de karoshi, la cultura de la empresa no cambia.과로사가 나와도 회사 체질이 안 변하는 게 문제지.
Pronunciación
/ka.ɾoː.ɕi/
Guía de uso
Contexto: news, social commentary, labor discussions
Tono: serious, grave
✓ Correcto
- 過労死が出るような働き方はもうやめるべきだよ。 (We need to stop working in ways that lead to death from overwork.)能导致过劳死的工作方式应该停止了。(我们必须停止那些会导致过劳死的工作方式。)Hay que dejar de trabajar de formas que lleven a la muerte por exceso de trabajo.과로사가 나올 정도의 일하는 방식은 이제 그만둬야 해. (과로사로 이어지는 일하는 방식은 이제 멈춰야 해.)
- 過労死ラインを超えてたら、すぐに上に相談して。 (If you're over the karoshi line, talk to someone above you immediately.)如果超过了过劳死红线,要立刻向上级反映。(如果你的加班时间超过了过劳死标准线,请马上找上级谈。)Si estás por encima de la línea del karoshi, habla con alguien de la dirección inmediatamente.과로사 라인을 넘었으면 바로 위에 상담해. (과로사 기준을 넘었다면 즉시 윗사람에게 상담해.)
✗ Incorrecto
- 過労死を冗談にしない — 「死ぬほど働いてる」は軽く聞こえる (Don't joke about karoshi — saying 'I'm working to death' trivializes a real issue)不要拿过劳死开玩笑——'忙得要死'这种话会让真正的悲剧显得轻描淡写(不要把过劳死当笑话——说'我要累死了'是在轻视一个真实存在的社会问题)No bromees con el karoshi: decir «estoy trabajando hasta morir» trivializa un problema real.과로사를 농담거리로 삼지 말 것 — '죽도록 일하고 있어'는 가벼이 들린다 (과로사를 농담으로 만들지 마라 — '죽을 만큼 일하고 있어'라는 말은 실제 문제를 경시하는 것이다)
Errores comunes
- Using 過労死 casually or as hyperbole — it's a serious term describing actual deaths and should not be used lightly
Origen e historia
First documented in the late 1960s-1970s, the term became widely known in the 1980s. Japan established the 過労死等防止対策推進法 (Karoshi Prevention Act) in 2014. The word has been borrowed into English as 'karoshi.'
Contexto cultural
Era: 1980s mainstream awareness, recognized since 1960s
Generation: All ages (universally known)
Social background: Affects all workers, especially in high-pressure industries
Regional notes: Used across all of Japan. One of the few Japanese words adopted internationally, reflecting the severity of Japan's overwork culture.
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